initial code repo
[stor4nfv.git] / src / ceph / src / test / librbd / fsx.cc
diff --git a/src/ceph/src/test/librbd/fsx.cc b/src/ceph/src/test/librbd/fsx.cc
new file mode 100644 (file)
index 0000000..85596ef
--- /dev/null
@@ -0,0 +1,2978 @@
+// -*- mode:C++; tab-width:8; c-basic-offset:8; indent-tabs-mode:t -*-
+// vim: ts=8 sw=8 smarttab
+/*
+ *     Copyright (C) 1991, NeXT Computer, Inc.  All Rights Reserverd.
+ *
+ *     File:   fsx.cc
+ *     Author: Avadis Tevanian, Jr.
+ *
+ *     File system exerciser.
+ *
+ *     Rewritten 8/98 by Conrad Minshall.
+ *
+ *     Small changes to work under Linux -- davej.
+ *
+ *     Checks for mmap last-page zero fill.
+ */
+
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <limits.h>
+#include <time.h>
+#include <strings.h>
+#include <sys/file.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <sys/mman.h>
+#include <linux/fs.h>
+#include <sys/ioctl.h>
+#ifdef HAVE_ERR_H
+#include <err.h>
+#endif
+#include <signal.h>
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <stddef.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <stdarg.h>
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <math.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <random>
+
+#include "include/intarith.h"
+#include "include/krbd.h"
+#include "include/rados/librados.h"
+#include "include/rados/librados.hpp"
+#include "include/rbd/librbd.h"
+#include "include/rbd/librbd.hpp"
+#include "common/Cond.h"
+#include "common/SubProcess.h"
+#include "common/safe_io.h"
+#include "journal/Journaler.h"
+#include "journal/ReplayEntry.h"
+#include "journal/ReplayHandler.h"
+#include "journal/Settings.h"
+
+#include <boost/scope_exit.hpp>
+
+#define NUMPRINTCOLUMNS 32     /* # columns of data to print on each line */
+
+/*
+ *     A log entry is an operation and a bunch of arguments.
+ */
+
+struct log_entry {
+       int     operation;
+       int     args[3];
+};
+
+#define        LOGSIZE 1000
+
+struct log_entry       oplog[LOGSIZE]; /* the log */
+int                    logptr = 0;     /* current position in log */
+int                    logcount = 0;   /* total ops */
+
+/*
+ * The operation matrix is complex due to conditional execution of different
+ * features. Hence when we come to deciding what operation to run, we need to
+ * be careful in how we select the different operations. The active operations
+ * are mapped to numbers as follows:
+ *
+ *             lite    !lite
+ * READ:       0       0
+ * WRITE:      1       1
+ * MAPREAD:    2       2
+ * MAPWRITE:   3       3
+ * TRUNCATE:   -       4
+ * FALLOCATE:  -       5
+ * PUNCH HOLE: -       6
+ * WRITESAME:  -       7
+ * COMPAREANDWRITE:    -       8
+ *
+ * When mapped read/writes are disabled, they are simply converted to normal
+ * reads and writes. When fallocate/fpunch calls are disabled, they are
+ * converted to OP_SKIPPED. Hence OP_SKIPPED needs to have a number higher than
+ * the operation selction matrix, as does the OP_CLOSEOPEN which is an
+ * operation modifier rather than an operation in itself.
+ *
+ * Because of the "lite" version, we also need to have different "maximum
+ * operation" defines to allow the ops to be selected correctly based on the
+ * mode being run.
+ */
+
+/* common operations */
+#define        OP_READ         0
+#define OP_WRITE       1
+#define OP_MAPREAD     2
+#define OP_MAPWRITE    3
+#define OP_MAX_LITE    4
+
+/* !lite operations */
+#define OP_TRUNCATE    4
+#define OP_FALLOCATE   5
+#define OP_PUNCH_HOLE  6
+#define OP_WRITESAME   7
+#define OP_COMPARE_AND_WRITE   8
+/* rbd-specific operations */
+#define OP_CLONE        9
+#define OP_FLATTEN     10
+#define OP_MAX_FULL    11
+
+/* operation modifiers */
+#define OP_CLOSEOPEN   100
+#define OP_SKIPPED     101
+
+#undef PAGE_SIZE
+#define PAGE_SIZE       getpagesize()
+#undef PAGE_MASK
+#define PAGE_MASK       (PAGE_SIZE - 1)
+
+
+char   *original_buf;                  /* a pointer to the original data */
+char   *good_buf;                      /* a pointer to the correct data */
+char   *temp_buf;                      /* a pointer to the current data */
+
+char   dirpath[1024];
+
+off_t          file_size = 0;
+off_t          biggest = 0;
+unsigned long  testcalls = 0;          /* calls to function "test" */
+
+unsigned long  simulatedopcount = 0;   /* -b flag */
+int    closeprob = 0;                  /* -c flag */
+int    debug = 0;                      /* -d flag */
+unsigned long  debugstart = 0;         /* -D flag */
+int    flush_enabled = 0;              /* -f flag */
+int    holebdy = 1;                    /* -h flag */
+bool    journal_replay = false;         /* -j flah */
+int    keep_on_success = 0;            /* -k flag */
+int    do_fsync = 0;                   /* -y flag */
+unsigned long  maxfilelen = 256 * 1024;        /* -l flag */
+int    sizechecks = 1;                 /* -n flag disables them */
+int    maxoplen = 64 * 1024;           /* -o flag */
+int    quiet = 0;                      /* -q flag */
+unsigned long progressinterval = 0;    /* -p flag */
+int    readbdy = 1;                    /* -r flag */
+int    style = 0;                      /* -s flag */
+int    prealloc = 0;                   /* -x flag */
+int    truncbdy = 1;                   /* -t flag */
+int    writebdy = 1;                   /* -w flag */
+long   monitorstart = -1;              /* -m flag */
+long   monitorend = -1;                /* -m flag */
+int    lite = 0;                       /* -L flag */
+long   numops = -1;                    /* -N flag */
+int    randomoplen = 1;                /* -O flag disables it */
+int    seed = 1;                       /* -S flag */
+int     mapped_writes = 0;              /* -W flag disables */
+int     fallocate_calls = 0;            /* -F flag disables */
+int     punch_hole_calls = 1;           /* -H flag disables */
+int    clone_calls = 1;                /* -C flag disables */
+int    randomize_striping = 1;         /* -U flag disables */
+int    randomize_parent_overlap = 1;
+int    mapped_reads = 0;               /* -R flag disables it */
+int    fsxgoodfd = 0;
+int    o_direct = 0;                   /* -Z flag */
+
+int num_clones = 0;
+
+int page_size;
+int page_mask;
+int mmap_mask;
+
+FILE * fsxlogf = NULL;
+int badoff = -1;
+int closeopen = 0;
+
+void
+vwarnc(int code, const char *fmt, va_list ap) {
+  fprintf(stderr, "fsx: ");
+  if (fmt != NULL) {
+       vfprintf(stderr, fmt, ap);
+       fprintf(stderr, ": ");
+  }
+  fprintf(stderr, "%s\n", strerror(code));
+}
+
+void
+warn(const char * fmt, ...)  {
+       va_list ap;
+       va_start(ap, fmt);
+       vwarnc(errno, fmt, ap);
+       va_end(ap);
+}
+
+#define BUF_SIZE 1024
+
+void
+prt(const char *fmt, ...)
+{
+       va_list args;
+       char buffer[BUF_SIZE];
+
+       va_start(args, fmt);
+       vsnprintf(buffer, BUF_SIZE, fmt, args);
+       va_end(args);
+       fprintf(stdout, "%s", buffer);
+       if (fsxlogf)
+               fprintf(fsxlogf, "%s", buffer);
+}
+
+void
+prterr(const char *prefix)
+{
+       prt("%s%s%s\n", prefix, prefix ? ": " : "", strerror(errno));
+}
+
+void
+prterrcode(const char *prefix, int code)
+{
+       prt("%s%s%s\n", prefix, prefix ? ": " : "", strerror(-code));
+}
+
+void
+simple_err(const char *msg, int err)
+{
+    fprintf(stderr, "%s: %s\n", msg, strerror(-err));
+}
+
+/*
+ * random
+ */
+std::mt19937 random_generator;
+
+uint_fast32_t
+get_random(void)
+{
+       return random_generator();
+}
+
+void replay_imagename(char *buf, size_t len, int clones);
+
+namespace {
+
+static const std::string JOURNAL_CLIENT_ID("fsx");
+
+struct ReplayHandler : public journal::ReplayHandler {
+        journal::Journaler *journaler;
+        journal::Journaler *replay_journaler;
+        Context *on_finish;
+
+        ReplayHandler(journal::Journaler *journaler,
+                      journal::Journaler *replay_journaler, Context *on_finish)
+                : journaler(journaler), replay_journaler(replay_journaler),
+                  on_finish(on_finish) {
+        }
+
+        void get() override {
+        }
+        void put() override {
+        }
+
+        void handle_entries_available() override {
+                while (true) {
+                        journal::ReplayEntry replay_entry;
+                        if (!journaler->try_pop_front(&replay_entry)) {
+                                return;
+                        }
+
+                        replay_journaler->append(0, replay_entry.get_data());
+                }
+        }
+
+        void handle_complete(int r) override {
+                on_finish->complete(r);
+        }
+};
+
+int get_image_id(librados::IoCtx &io_ctx, const char *image_name,
+                 std::string *image_id) {
+        librbd::RBD rbd;
+        librbd::Image image;
+        int r = rbd.open(io_ctx, image, image_name);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                simple_err("failed to open image", r);
+                return r;
+        }
+
+        rbd_image_info_t info;
+        r = image.stat(info, sizeof(info));
+        if (r < 0) {
+                simple_err("failed to stat image", r);
+                return r;
+        }
+
+        *image_id = std::string(&info.block_name_prefix[strlen(RBD_DATA_PREFIX)]);
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int register_journal(rados_ioctx_t ioctx, const char *image_name) {
+        librados::IoCtx io_ctx;
+        librados::IoCtx::from_rados_ioctx_t(ioctx, io_ctx);
+
+        std::string image_id;
+        int r = get_image_id(io_ctx, image_name, &image_id);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                return r;
+        }
+
+        journal::Journaler journaler(io_ctx, image_id, JOURNAL_CLIENT_ID, {});
+        r = journaler.register_client(bufferlist());
+        if (r < 0) {
+                simple_err("failed to register journal client", r);
+                return r;
+        }
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int unregister_journal(rados_ioctx_t ioctx, const char *image_name) {
+        librados::IoCtx io_ctx;
+        librados::IoCtx::from_rados_ioctx_t(ioctx, io_ctx);
+
+        std::string image_id;
+        int r = get_image_id(io_ctx, image_name, &image_id);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                return r;
+        }
+
+        journal::Journaler journaler(io_ctx, image_id, JOURNAL_CLIENT_ID, {});
+        r = journaler.unregister_client();
+        if (r < 0) {
+                simple_err("failed to unregister journal client", r);
+                return r;
+        }
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int create_replay_image(rados_ioctx_t ioctx, int order,
+                        uint64_t stripe_unit, int stripe_count,
+                        const char *replay_image_name,
+                        const char *last_replay_image_name) {
+        librados::IoCtx io_ctx;
+        librados::IoCtx::from_rados_ioctx_t(ioctx, io_ctx);
+
+        int r;
+        librbd::RBD rbd;
+        if (last_replay_image_name == nullptr) {
+                r = rbd.create2(io_ctx, replay_image_name, 0,
+                                RBD_FEATURES_ALL, &order);
+        } else {
+                r = rbd.clone2(io_ctx, last_replay_image_name, "snap",
+                               io_ctx, replay_image_name, RBD_FEATURES_ALL,
+                               &order, stripe_unit, stripe_count);
+        }
+
+        if (r < 0) {
+                simple_err("failed to create replay image", r);
+                return r;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int replay_journal(rados_ioctx_t ioctx, const char *image_name,
+                   const char *replay_image_name) {
+        librados::IoCtx io_ctx;
+        librados::IoCtx::from_rados_ioctx_t(ioctx, io_ctx);
+
+        std::string image_id;
+        int r = get_image_id(io_ctx, image_name, &image_id);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                return r;
+        }
+
+        std::string replay_image_id;
+        r = get_image_id(io_ctx, replay_image_name, &replay_image_id);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                return r;
+        }
+
+        journal::Journaler journaler(io_ctx, image_id, JOURNAL_CLIENT_ID, {});
+        C_SaferCond init_ctx;
+        journaler.init(&init_ctx);
+        BOOST_SCOPE_EXIT_ALL( (&journaler) ) {
+                journaler.shut_down();
+        };
+
+        r = init_ctx.wait();
+        if (r < 0) {
+                simple_err("failed to initialize journal", r);
+                return r;
+        }
+
+        journal::Journaler replay_journaler(io_ctx, replay_image_id, "", {});
+
+        C_SaferCond replay_init_ctx;
+        replay_journaler.init(&replay_init_ctx);
+        BOOST_SCOPE_EXIT_ALL( (&replay_journaler) ) {
+                replay_journaler.shut_down();
+        };
+
+        r = replay_init_ctx.wait();
+        if (r < 0) {
+                simple_err("failed to initialize replay journal", r);
+                return r;
+        }
+
+        replay_journaler.start_append(0, 0, 0);
+
+        C_SaferCond replay_ctx;
+        ReplayHandler replay_handler(&journaler, &replay_journaler,
+                                     &replay_ctx);
+
+        // copy journal events from source image to replay image
+        journaler.start_replay(&replay_handler);
+        r = replay_ctx.wait();
+
+        journaler.stop_replay();
+
+        C_SaferCond stop_ctx;
+        replay_journaler.stop_append(&stop_ctx);
+        int stop_r = stop_ctx.wait();
+        if (r == 0 && stop_r < 0) {
+                r = stop_r;
+        }
+
+        if (r < 0) {
+                simple_err("failed to replay journal", r);
+                return r;
+        }
+
+        librbd::RBD rbd;
+        librbd::Image image;
+        r = rbd.open(io_ctx, image, replay_image_name);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                simple_err("failed to open replay image", r);
+                return r;
+        }
+
+        // perform an IO op to initiate the journal replay
+        bufferlist bl;
+        r = static_cast<ssize_t>(image.write(0, 0, bl));
+        if (r < 0) {
+                simple_err("failed to write to replay image", r);
+                return r;
+        }
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int finalize_journal(rados_ioctx_t ioctx, const char *imagename, int clones,
+                     int order, uint64_t stripe_unit, int stripe_count) {
+        char replayimagename[1024];
+        replay_imagename(replayimagename, sizeof(replayimagename), clones);
+
+        char lastreplayimagename[1024];
+        if (clones > 0) {
+                replay_imagename(lastreplayimagename,
+                                 sizeof(lastreplayimagename), clones - 1);
+        }
+
+        int ret = create_replay_image(ioctx, order, stripe_unit,
+                                      stripe_count, replayimagename,
+                                      clones > 0 ? lastreplayimagename :
+                                                   nullptr);
+        if (ret < 0) {
+                exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+        }
+
+        ret = replay_journal(ioctx, imagename, replayimagename);
+        if (ret < 0) {
+                exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+        }
+        return 0;
+}
+
+} // anonymous namespace
+
+/*
+ * rbd
+ */
+
+struct rbd_ctx {
+       const char *name;       /* image name */
+       rbd_image_t image;      /* image handle */
+       const char *krbd_name;  /* image /dev/rbd<id> name */ /* reused for nbd test */
+       int krbd_fd;            /* image /dev/rbd<id> fd */ /* reused for nbd test */
+};
+
+#define RBD_CTX_INIT   (struct rbd_ctx) { NULL, NULL, NULL, -1}
+
+struct rbd_operations {
+       int (*open)(const char *name, struct rbd_ctx *ctx);
+       int (*close)(struct rbd_ctx *ctx);
+       ssize_t (*read)(struct rbd_ctx *ctx, uint64_t off, size_t len, char *buf);
+       ssize_t (*write)(struct rbd_ctx *ctx, uint64_t off, size_t len, const char *buf);
+       int (*flush)(struct rbd_ctx *ctx);
+       int (*discard)(struct rbd_ctx *ctx, uint64_t off, uint64_t len);
+       int (*get_size)(struct rbd_ctx *ctx, uint64_t *size);
+       int (*resize)(struct rbd_ctx *ctx, uint64_t size);
+       int (*clone)(struct rbd_ctx *ctx, const char *src_snapname,
+                    const char *dst_imagename, int *order, int stripe_unit,
+                    int stripe_count);
+       int (*flatten)(struct rbd_ctx *ctx);
+       ssize_t (*writesame)(struct rbd_ctx *ctx, uint64_t off, size_t len,
+                            const char *buf, size_t data_len);
+        ssize_t (*compare_and_write)(struct rbd_ctx *ctx, uint64_t off, size_t len,
+                                     const char *cmp_buf, const char *buf);
+};
+
+char *pool;                    /* name of the pool our test image is in */
+char *iname;                   /* name of our test image */
+rados_t cluster;               /* handle for our test cluster */
+rados_ioctx_t ioctx;           /* handle for our test pool */
+struct krbd_ctx *krbd;         /* handle for libkrbd */
+bool skip_partial_discard;     /* rbd_skip_partial_discard config value*/
+
+/*
+ * librbd/krbd rbd_operations handlers.  Given the rest of fsx.c, no
+ * attempt to do error handling is made in these handlers.
+ */
+
+int
+__librbd_open(const char *name, struct rbd_ctx *ctx)
+{
+       rbd_image_t image;
+       int ret;
+
+       assert(!ctx->name && !ctx->image &&
+              !ctx->krbd_name && ctx->krbd_fd < 0);
+
+       ret = rbd_open(ioctx, name, &image, NULL);
+       if (ret < 0) {
+               prt("rbd_open(%s) failed\n", name);
+               return ret;
+       }
+
+       ctx->name = strdup(name);
+       ctx->image = image;
+       ctx->krbd_name = NULL;
+       ctx->krbd_fd = -1;
+
+       return 0;
+}
+
+int
+librbd_open(const char *name, struct rbd_ctx *ctx)
+{
+       return __librbd_open(name, ctx);
+}
+
+int
+__librbd_close(struct rbd_ctx *ctx)
+{
+       int ret;
+
+       assert(ctx->name && ctx->image);
+
+       ret = rbd_close(ctx->image);
+       if (ret < 0) {
+               prt("rbd_close(%s) failed\n", ctx->name);
+               return ret;
+       }
+
+       free((void *)ctx->name);
+
+       ctx->name = NULL;
+       ctx->image = NULL;
+
+       return 0;
+}
+
+int
+librbd_close(struct rbd_ctx *ctx)
+{
+       return __librbd_close(ctx);
+}
+
+int
+librbd_verify_object_map(struct rbd_ctx *ctx)
+{
+       int n;
+       uint64_t flags;
+       n = rbd_get_flags(ctx->image, &flags);
+       if (n < 0) {
+               prt("rbd_get_flags() failed\n");
+               return n;
+       }
+
+       if ((flags & RBD_FLAG_OBJECT_MAP_INVALID) != 0) {
+               prt("rbd_get_flags() indicates object map is invalid\n");
+               return -EINVAL;
+       }
+       return 0;
+}
+
+ssize_t
+librbd_read(struct rbd_ctx *ctx, uint64_t off, size_t len, char *buf)
+{
+       ssize_t n;
+
+       n = rbd_read(ctx->image, off, len, buf);
+       if (n < 0)
+               prt("rbd_read(%llu, %zu) failed\n", off, len);
+
+       return n;
+}
+
+ssize_t
+librbd_write(struct rbd_ctx *ctx, uint64_t off, size_t len, const char *buf)
+{
+       ssize_t n;
+       int ret;
+
+       n = rbd_write(ctx->image, off, len, buf);
+       if (n < 0) {
+               prt("rbd_write(%llu, %zu) failed\n", off, len);
+               return n;
+       }
+
+       ret = librbd_verify_object_map(ctx);
+       if (ret < 0) {
+               return ret;
+       }
+       return n;
+}
+
+int
+librbd_flush(struct rbd_ctx *ctx)
+{
+       int ret;
+
+       ret = rbd_flush(ctx->image);
+       if (ret < 0) {
+               prt("rbd_flush failed\n");
+               return ret;
+       }
+
+       return librbd_verify_object_map(ctx);
+}
+
+int
+librbd_discard(struct rbd_ctx *ctx, uint64_t off, uint64_t len)
+{
+       int ret;
+
+       ret = rbd_discard(ctx->image, off, len);
+       if (ret < 0) {
+               prt("rbd_discard(%llu, %llu) failed\n", off, len);
+               return ret;
+       }
+
+       return librbd_verify_object_map(ctx);
+}
+
+ssize_t
+librbd_writesame(struct rbd_ctx *ctx, uint64_t off, size_t len,
+                 const char *buf, size_t data_len)
+{
+       ssize_t n;
+       int ret;
+
+       n = rbd_writesame(ctx->image, off, len, buf, data_len, 0);
+       if (n < 0) {
+               prt("rbd_writesame(%llu, %zu) failed\n", off, len);
+               return n;
+       }
+
+       ret = librbd_verify_object_map(ctx);
+       if (ret < 0) {
+               return ret;
+       }
+       return n;
+}
+
+ssize_t
+librbd_compare_and_write(struct rbd_ctx *ctx, uint64_t off, size_t len,
+                         const char *cmp_buf, const char *buf)
+{
+        ssize_t n;
+        int ret;
+        uint64_t mismatch_off = 0;
+
+        n = rbd_compare_and_write(ctx->image, off, len, cmp_buf, buf, &mismatch_off, 0);
+        if (n == -EINVAL) {
+                return n;
+        } else if (n < 0) {
+                prt("rbd_compare_and_write mismatch(%llu, %zu, %llu) failed\n",
+                    off, len, mismatch_off);
+                return n;
+        }
+
+        ret = librbd_verify_object_map(ctx);
+        if (ret < 0) {
+                return ret;
+        }
+        return n;
+
+}
+
+int
+librbd_get_size(struct rbd_ctx *ctx, uint64_t *size)
+{
+       rbd_image_info_t info;
+       int ret;
+
+       ret = rbd_stat(ctx->image, &info, sizeof(info));
+       if (ret < 0) {
+               prt("rbd_stat failed\n");
+               return ret;
+       }
+
+       *size = info.size;
+
+       return 0;
+}
+
+int
+__librbd_resize(struct rbd_ctx *ctx, uint64_t size)
+{
+       int ret;
+
+       ret = rbd_resize(ctx->image, size);
+       if (ret < 0) {
+               prt("rbd_resize(%llu) failed\n", size);
+               return ret;
+       }
+
+       return librbd_verify_object_map(ctx);
+}
+
+int
+librbd_resize(struct rbd_ctx *ctx, uint64_t size)
+{
+       return __librbd_resize(ctx, size);
+}
+
+int
+__librbd_clone(struct rbd_ctx *ctx, const char *src_snapname,
+              const char *dst_imagename, int *order, int stripe_unit,
+              int stripe_count, bool krbd)
+{
+       int ret;
+
+       ret = rbd_snap_create(ctx->image, src_snapname);
+       if (ret < 0) {
+               prt("rbd_snap_create(%s@%s) failed\n", ctx->name,
+                   src_snapname);
+               return ret;
+       }
+
+       ret = rbd_snap_protect(ctx->image, src_snapname);
+       if (ret < 0) {
+               prt("rbd_snap_protect(%s@%s) failed\n", ctx->name,
+                   src_snapname);
+               return ret;
+       }
+
+       uint64_t features = RBD_FEATURES_ALL;
+       if (krbd) {
+               features &= ~(RBD_FEATURE_OBJECT_MAP     |
+                              RBD_FEATURE_FAST_DIFF      |
+                              RBD_FEATURE_DEEP_FLATTEN   |
+                              RBD_FEATURE_JOURNALING);
+       }
+       ret = rbd_clone2(ioctx, ctx->name, src_snapname, ioctx,
+                        dst_imagename, features, order,
+                        stripe_unit, stripe_count);
+       if (ret < 0) {
+               prt("rbd_clone2(%s@%s -> %s) failed\n", ctx->name,
+                   src_snapname, dst_imagename);
+               return ret;
+       }
+
+       return 0;
+}
+
+int
+librbd_clone(struct rbd_ctx *ctx, const char *src_snapname,
+            const char *dst_imagename, int *order, int stripe_unit,
+            int stripe_count)
+{
+       return __librbd_clone(ctx, src_snapname, dst_imagename, order,
+                             stripe_unit, stripe_count, false);
+}
+
+int
+__librbd_flatten(struct rbd_ctx *ctx)
+{
+       int ret;
+
+       ret = rbd_flatten(ctx->image);
+       if (ret < 0) {
+               prt("rbd_flatten failed\n");
+               return ret;
+       }
+
+       return librbd_verify_object_map(ctx);
+}
+
+int
+librbd_flatten(struct rbd_ctx *ctx)
+{
+       return __librbd_flatten(ctx);
+}
+
+const struct rbd_operations librbd_operations = {
+       librbd_open,
+       librbd_close,
+       librbd_read,
+       librbd_write,
+       librbd_flush,
+       librbd_discard,
+       librbd_get_size,
+       librbd_resize,
+       librbd_clone,
+       librbd_flatten,
+       librbd_writesame,
+       librbd_compare_and_write,
+};
+
+int
+krbd_open(const char *name, struct rbd_ctx *ctx)
+{
+       char *devnode;
+       int fd;
+       int ret;
+
+       ret = __librbd_open(name, ctx);
+       if (ret < 0)
+               return ret;
+
+       ret = krbd_map(krbd, pool, name, "", "", &devnode);
+       if (ret < 0) {
+               prt("krbd_map(%s) failed\n", name);
+               return ret;
+       }
+
+       fd = open(devnode, O_RDWR | o_direct);
+       if (fd < 0) {
+               ret = -errno;
+               prt("open(%s) failed\n", devnode);
+               return ret;
+       }
+
+       ctx->krbd_name = devnode;
+       ctx->krbd_fd = fd;
+
+       return 0;
+}
+
+int
+krbd_close(struct rbd_ctx *ctx)
+{
+       int ret;
+
+       assert(ctx->krbd_name && ctx->krbd_fd >= 0);
+
+       if (close(ctx->krbd_fd) < 0) {
+               ret = -errno;
+               prt("close(%s) failed\n", ctx->krbd_name);
+               return ret;
+       }
+
+       ret = krbd_unmap(krbd, ctx->krbd_name, "");
+       if (ret < 0) {
+               prt("krbd_unmap(%s) failed\n", ctx->krbd_name);
+               return ret;
+       }
+
+       free((void *)ctx->krbd_name);
+
+       ctx->krbd_name = NULL;
+       ctx->krbd_fd = -1;
+
+       return __librbd_close(ctx);
+}
+
+ssize_t
+krbd_read(struct rbd_ctx *ctx, uint64_t off, size_t len, char *buf)
+{
+       ssize_t n;
+
+       n = pread(ctx->krbd_fd, buf, len, off);
+       if (n < 0) {
+               n = -errno;
+               prt("pread(%llu, %zu) failed\n", off, len);
+               return n;
+       }
+
+       return n;
+}
+
+ssize_t
+krbd_write(struct rbd_ctx *ctx, uint64_t off, size_t len, const char *buf)
+{
+       ssize_t n;
+
+       n = pwrite(ctx->krbd_fd, buf, len, off);
+       if (n < 0) {
+               n = -errno;
+               prt("pwrite(%llu, %zu) failed\n", off, len);
+               return n;
+       }
+
+       return n;
+}
+
+int
+__krbd_flush(struct rbd_ctx *ctx, bool invalidate)
+{
+       int ret;
+
+       if (o_direct)
+               return 0;
+
+       /*
+        * BLKFLSBUF will sync the filesystem on top of the device (we
+        * don't care about that here, since we write directly to it),
+        * write out any dirty buffers and invalidate the buffer cache.
+        * It won't do a hardware cache flush.
+        *
+        * fsync() will write out any dirty buffers and do a hardware
+        * cache flush (which we don't care about either, because for
+        * krbd it's a noop).  It won't try to empty the buffer cache
+        * nor poke the filesystem before writing out.
+        *
+        * Given that, for our purposes, fsync is a flush, while
+        * BLKFLSBUF is a flush+invalidate.
+        */
+        if (invalidate)
+               ret = ioctl(ctx->krbd_fd, BLKFLSBUF, NULL);
+       else
+               ret = fsync(ctx->krbd_fd);
+       if (ret < 0) {
+               ret = -errno;
+               prt("%s failed\n", invalidate ? "BLKFLSBUF" : "fsync");
+               return ret;
+       }
+
+       return 0;
+}
+
+int
+krbd_flush(struct rbd_ctx *ctx)
+{
+       return __krbd_flush(ctx, false);
+}
+
+int
+krbd_discard(struct rbd_ctx *ctx, uint64_t off, uint64_t len)
+{
+       uint64_t range[2] = { off, len };
+       int ret;
+
+       /*
+        * BLKDISCARD goes straight to disk and doesn't do anything
+        * about dirty buffers.  This means we need to flush so that
+        *
+        *   write 0..3M
+        *   discard 1..2M
+        *
+        * results in "data 0000 data" rather than "data data data" on
+        * disk and invalidate so that
+        *
+        *   discard 1..2M
+        *   read 0..3M
+        *
+        * returns "data 0000 data" rather than "data data data" in
+        * case 1..2M was cached.
+        */
+       ret = __krbd_flush(ctx, true);
+       if (ret < 0)
+               return ret;
+
+       /*
+        * off and len must be 512-byte aligned, otherwise BLKDISCARD
+        * will fail with -EINVAL.  This means that -K (enable krbd
+        * mode) requires -h 512 or similar.
+        */
+       if (ioctl(ctx->krbd_fd, BLKDISCARD, &range) < 0) {
+               ret = -errno;
+               prt("BLKDISCARD(%llu, %llu) failed\n", off, len);
+               return ret;
+       }
+
+       return 0;
+}
+
+int
+krbd_get_size(struct rbd_ctx *ctx, uint64_t *size)
+{
+       uint64_t bytes;
+
+       if (ioctl(ctx->krbd_fd, BLKGETSIZE64, &bytes) < 0) {
+               int ret = -errno;
+               prt("BLKGETSIZE64 failed\n");
+               return ret;
+       }
+
+       *size = bytes;
+
+       return 0;
+}
+
+int
+krbd_resize(struct rbd_ctx *ctx, uint64_t size)
+{
+       int ret;
+
+       assert(size % truncbdy == 0);
+
+       /*
+        * When krbd detects a size change, it calls revalidate_disk(),
+        * which ends up calling invalidate_bdev(), which invalidates
+        * clean pages and does nothing about dirty pages beyond the
+        * new size.  The preceding cache flush makes sure those pages
+        * are invalidated, which is what we need on shrink so that
+        *
+        *  write 0..1M
+        *  resize 0
+        *  resize 2M
+        *  read 0..2M
+        *
+        * returns "0000 0000" rather than "data 0000".
+        */
+       ret = __krbd_flush(ctx, false);
+       if (ret < 0)
+               return ret;
+
+       return __librbd_resize(ctx, size);
+}
+
+int
+krbd_clone(struct rbd_ctx *ctx, const char *src_snapname,
+          const char *dst_imagename, int *order, int stripe_unit,
+          int stripe_count)
+{
+       int ret;
+
+       ret = __krbd_flush(ctx, false);
+       if (ret < 0)
+               return ret;
+
+       return __librbd_clone(ctx, src_snapname, dst_imagename, order,
+                             stripe_unit, stripe_count, true);
+}
+
+int
+krbd_flatten(struct rbd_ctx *ctx)
+{
+       int ret;
+
+       ret = __krbd_flush(ctx, false);
+       if (ret < 0)
+               return ret;
+
+       return __librbd_flatten(ctx);
+}
+
+const struct rbd_operations krbd_operations = {
+       krbd_open,
+       krbd_close,
+       krbd_read,
+       krbd_write,
+       krbd_flush,
+       krbd_discard,
+       krbd_get_size,
+       krbd_resize,
+       krbd_clone,
+       krbd_flatten,
+       NULL,
+};
+
+int
+nbd_open(const char *name, struct rbd_ctx *ctx)
+{
+       int r;
+       int fd;
+       char dev[4096];
+       char *devnode;
+
+       SubProcess process("rbd-nbd", SubProcess::KEEP, SubProcess::PIPE,
+                          SubProcess::KEEP);
+       process.add_cmd_arg("map");
+       std::string img;
+       img.append(pool);
+       img.append("/");
+       img.append(name);
+       process.add_cmd_arg(img.c_str());
+
+       r = __librbd_open(name, ctx);
+       if (r < 0)
+               return r;
+
+        r = process.spawn();
+        if (r < 0) {
+               prt("nbd_open failed to run rbd-nbd error: %s\n", process.err().c_str());
+               return r;
+        }
+       r = safe_read(process.get_stdout(), dev, sizeof(dev));
+       if (r < 0) {
+               prt("nbd_open failed to get nbd device path\n");
+               return r;
+       }
+       for (int i = 0; i < r; ++i)
+         if (dev[i] == 10 || dev[i] == 13)
+           dev[i] = 0;
+       dev[r] = 0;
+       r = process.join();
+       if (r) {
+               prt("rbd-nbd failed with error: %s", process.err().c_str());
+               return -EINVAL;
+       }
+
+       devnode = strdup(dev);
+       if (!devnode)
+               return -ENOMEM;
+
+       fd = open(devnode, O_RDWR | o_direct);
+       if (fd < 0) {
+               r = -errno;
+               prt("open(%s) failed\n", devnode);
+               return r;
+       }
+
+       ctx->krbd_name = devnode;
+       ctx->krbd_fd = fd;
+
+       return 0;
+}
+
+int
+nbd_close(struct rbd_ctx *ctx)
+{
+       int r;
+
+       assert(ctx->krbd_name && ctx->krbd_fd >= 0);
+
+       if (close(ctx->krbd_fd) < 0) {
+               r = -errno;
+               prt("close(%s) failed\n", ctx->krbd_name);
+               return r;
+       }
+
+       SubProcess process("rbd-nbd");
+       process.add_cmd_arg("unmap");
+       process.add_cmd_arg(ctx->krbd_name);
+
+        r = process.spawn();
+        if (r < 0) {
+               prt("nbd_close failed to run rbd-nbd error: %s\n", process.err().c_str());
+               return r;
+        }
+       r = process.join();
+       if (r) {
+               prt("rbd-nbd failed with error: %d", process.err().c_str());
+               return -EINVAL;
+       }
+
+       free((void *)ctx->krbd_name);
+
+       ctx->krbd_name = NULL;
+       ctx->krbd_fd = -1;
+
+       return __librbd_close(ctx);
+}
+
+int
+nbd_clone(struct rbd_ctx *ctx, const char *src_snapname,
+         const char *dst_imagename, int *order, int stripe_unit,
+         int stripe_count)
+{
+       int ret;
+
+       ret = __krbd_flush(ctx, false);
+       if (ret < 0)
+               return ret;
+
+       return __librbd_clone(ctx, src_snapname, dst_imagename, order,
+                             stripe_unit, stripe_count, false);
+}
+
+const struct rbd_operations nbd_operations = {
+       nbd_open,
+       nbd_close,
+       krbd_read,
+       krbd_write,
+       krbd_flush,
+       krbd_discard,
+       krbd_get_size,
+       krbd_resize,
+       nbd_clone,
+       krbd_flatten,
+       NULL,
+};
+
+struct rbd_ctx ctx = RBD_CTX_INIT;
+const struct rbd_operations *ops = &librbd_operations;
+
+static bool rbd_image_has_parent(struct rbd_ctx *ctx)
+{
+       int ret;
+
+       ret = rbd_get_parent_info(ctx->image, NULL, 0, NULL, 0, NULL, 0);
+       if (ret < 0 && ret != -ENOENT) {
+               prterrcode("rbd_get_parent_info", ret);
+               exit(1);
+       }
+
+       return !ret;
+}
+
+/*
+ * fsx
+ */
+
+void
+log4(int operation, int arg0, int arg1, int arg2)
+{
+       struct log_entry *le;
+
+       le = &oplog[logptr];
+       le->operation = operation;
+       if (closeopen)
+               le->operation = ~ le->operation;
+       le->args[0] = arg0;
+       le->args[1] = arg1;
+       le->args[2] = arg2;
+       logptr++;
+       logcount++;
+       if (logptr >= LOGSIZE)
+               logptr = 0;
+}
+
+void
+logdump(void)
+{
+       int     i, count, down;
+       struct log_entry        *lp;
+       const char *falloc_type[3] = {"PAST_EOF", "EXTENDING", "INTERIOR"};
+
+       prt("LOG DUMP (%d total operations):\n", logcount);
+       if (logcount < LOGSIZE) {
+               i = 0;
+               count = logcount;
+       } else {
+               i = logptr;
+               count = LOGSIZE;
+       }
+       for ( ; count > 0; count--) {
+               int opnum;
+
+               opnum = i+1 + (logcount/LOGSIZE)*LOGSIZE;
+               prt("%d(%3d mod 256): ", opnum, opnum%256);
+               lp = &oplog[i];
+               if ((closeopen = lp->operation < 0))
+                       lp->operation = ~ lp->operation;
+                       
+               switch (lp->operation) {
+               case OP_MAPREAD:
+                       prt("MAPREAD  0x%x thru 0x%x\t(0x%x bytes)",
+                           lp->args[0], lp->args[0] + lp->args[1] - 1,
+                           lp->args[1]);
+                       if (badoff >= lp->args[0] && badoff <
+                                                    lp->args[0] + lp->args[1])
+                               prt("\t***RRRR***");
+                       break;
+               case OP_MAPWRITE:
+                       prt("MAPWRITE 0x%x thru 0x%x\t(0x%x bytes)",
+                           lp->args[0], lp->args[0] + lp->args[1] - 1,
+                           lp->args[1]);
+                       if (badoff >= lp->args[0] && badoff <
+                                                    lp->args[0] + lp->args[1])
+                               prt("\t******WWWW");
+                       break;
+               case OP_READ:
+                       prt("READ     0x%x thru 0x%x\t(0x%x bytes)",
+                           lp->args[0], lp->args[0] + lp->args[1] - 1,
+                           lp->args[1]);
+                       if (badoff >= lp->args[0] &&
+                           badoff < lp->args[0] + lp->args[1])
+                               prt("\t***RRRR***");
+                       break;
+               case OP_WRITE:
+                       prt("WRITE    0x%x thru 0x%x\t(0x%x bytes)",
+                           lp->args[0], lp->args[0] + lp->args[1] - 1,
+                           lp->args[1]);
+                       if (lp->args[0] > lp->args[2])
+                               prt(" HOLE");
+                       else if (lp->args[0] + lp->args[1] > lp->args[2])
+                               prt(" EXTEND");
+                       if ((badoff >= lp->args[0] || badoff >=lp->args[2]) &&
+                           badoff < lp->args[0] + lp->args[1])
+                               prt("\t***WWWW");
+                       break;
+               case OP_TRUNCATE:
+                       down = lp->args[0] < lp->args[1];
+                       prt("TRUNCATE %s\tfrom 0x%x to 0x%x",
+                           down ? "DOWN" : "UP", lp->args[1], lp->args[0]);
+                       if (badoff >= lp->args[!down] &&
+                           badoff < lp->args[!!down])
+                               prt("\t******WWWW");
+                       break;
+               case OP_FALLOCATE:
+                       /* 0: offset 1: length 2: where alloced */
+                       prt("FALLOC   0x%x thru 0x%x\t(0x%x bytes) %s",
+                               lp->args[0], lp->args[0] + lp->args[1],
+                               lp->args[1], falloc_type[lp->args[2]]);
+                       if (badoff >= lp->args[0] &&
+                           badoff < lp->args[0] + lp->args[1])
+                               prt("\t******FFFF");
+                       break;
+               case OP_PUNCH_HOLE:
+                       prt("PUNCH    0x%x thru 0x%x\t(0x%x bytes)",
+                           lp->args[0], lp->args[0] + lp->args[1] - 1,
+                           lp->args[1]);
+                       if (badoff >= lp->args[0] && badoff <
+                                                    lp->args[0] + lp->args[1])
+                               prt("\t******PPPP");
+                       break;
+               case OP_WRITESAME:
+                       prt("WRITESAME    0x%x thru 0x%x\t(0x%x bytes) data_size 0x%x",
+                           lp->args[0], lp->args[0] + lp->args[1] - 1,
+                           lp->args[1], lp->args[2]);
+                       if (badoff >= lp->args[0] &&
+                               badoff < lp->args[0] + lp->args[1])
+                               prt("\t***WSWSWSWS");
+                       break;
+               case OP_COMPARE_AND_WRITE:
+                        prt("COMPARE_AND_WRITE    0x%x thru 0x%x\t(0x%x bytes)",
+                            lp->args[0], lp->args[0] + lp->args[1] - 1,
+                            lp->args[1]);
+                        if (lp->args[0] > lp->args[2])
+                            prt(" HOLE");
+                        else if (lp->args[0] + lp->args[1] > lp->args[2])
+                            prt(" EXTEND");
+                        if ((badoff >= lp->args[0] || badoff >=lp->args[2]) &&
+                                badoff < lp->args[0] + lp->args[1])
+                                prt("\t***WWWW");
+                        break;
+               case OP_CLONE:
+                       prt("CLONE");
+                       break;
+               case OP_FLATTEN:
+                       prt("FLATTEN");
+                       break;
+               case OP_SKIPPED:
+                       prt("SKIPPED (no operation)");
+                       break;
+               default:
+                       prt("BOGUS LOG ENTRY (operation code = %d)!",
+                           lp->operation);
+               }
+               if (closeopen)
+                       prt("\n\t\tCLOSE/OPEN");
+               prt("\n");
+               i++;
+               if (i == LOGSIZE)
+                       i = 0;
+       }
+}
+
+void
+save_buffer(char *buffer, off_t bufferlength, int fd)
+{
+       off_t ret;
+       ssize_t byteswritten;
+
+       if (fd <= 0 || bufferlength == 0)
+               return;
+
+       if (bufferlength > SSIZE_MAX) {
+               prt("fsx flaw: overflow in save_buffer\n");
+               exit(67);
+       }
+
+       ret = lseek(fd, (off_t)0, SEEK_SET);
+       if (ret == (off_t)-1)
+               prterr("save_buffer: lseek 0");
+       
+       byteswritten = write(fd, buffer, (size_t)bufferlength);
+       if (byteswritten != bufferlength) {
+               if (byteswritten == -1)
+                       prterr("save_buffer write");
+               else
+                       warn("save_buffer: short write, 0x%x bytes instead of 0x%llx\n",
+                            (unsigned)byteswritten,
+                            (unsigned long long)bufferlength);
+       }
+}
+
+
+void
+report_failure(int status)
+{
+       logdump();
+       
+       if (fsxgoodfd) {
+               if (good_buf) {
+                       save_buffer(good_buf, file_size, fsxgoodfd);
+                       prt("Correct content saved for comparison\n");
+                       prt("(maybe hexdump \"%s\" vs \"%s.fsxgood\")\n",
+                           iname, iname);
+               }
+               close(fsxgoodfd);
+       }
+       sleep(3);   // so the log can flush to disk.  KLUDGEY!
+       exit(status);
+}
+
+#define short_at(cp) ((unsigned short)((*((unsigned char *)(cp)) << 8) | \
+                                       *(((unsigned char *)(cp)) + 1)))
+
+int
+fsxcmp(char *good_buf, char *temp_buf, unsigned size)
+{
+       if (!skip_partial_discard) {
+               return memcmp(good_buf, temp_buf, size);
+       }
+
+       for (unsigned i = 0; i < size; i++) {
+               if (good_buf[i] != temp_buf[i] && good_buf[i] != 0) {
+                       return good_buf[i] - temp_buf[i];
+               }
+       }
+       return 0;
+}
+
+void
+check_buffers(char *good_buf, char *temp_buf, unsigned offset, unsigned size)
+{
+       if (fsxcmp(good_buf + offset, temp_buf, size) != 0) {
+               unsigned i = 0;
+               unsigned n = 0;
+
+               prt("READ BAD DATA: offset = 0x%x, size = 0x%x, fname = %s\n",
+                   offset, size, iname);
+               prt("OFFSET\tGOOD\tBAD\tRANGE\n");
+               while (size > 0) {
+                       unsigned char c = good_buf[offset];
+                       unsigned char t = temp_buf[i];
+                       if (c != t) {
+                               if (n < 16) {
+                                       unsigned bad = short_at(&temp_buf[i]);
+                                       prt("0x%5x\t0x%04x\t0x%04x", offset,
+                                           short_at(&good_buf[offset]), bad);
+                                       unsigned op = temp_buf[(offset & 1) ? i+1 : i];
+                                       prt("\t0x%5x\n", n);
+                                       if (op)
+                                               prt("operation# (mod 256) for "
+                                                 "the bad data may be %u\n",
+                                               ((unsigned)op & 0xff));
+                                       else
+                                               prt("operation# (mod 256) for "
+                                                 "the bad data unknown, check"
+                                                 " HOLE and EXTEND ops\n");
+                               }
+                               n++;
+                               badoff = offset;
+                       }
+                       offset++;
+                       i++;
+                       size--;
+               }
+               report_failure(110);
+       }
+}
+
+
+void
+check_size(void)
+{
+       uint64_t size;
+       int ret;
+
+       ret = ops->get_size(&ctx, &size);
+       if (ret < 0)
+               prterrcode("check_size: ops->get_size", ret);
+
+       if ((uint64_t)file_size != size) {
+               prt("Size error: expected 0x%llx stat 0x%llx\n",
+                   (unsigned long long)file_size,
+                   (unsigned long long)size);
+               report_failure(120);
+       }
+}
+
+#define TRUNC_HACK_SIZE        (200ULL << 9)   /* 512-byte aligned for krbd */
+
+void
+check_trunc_hack(void)
+{
+       uint64_t size;
+       int ret;
+
+       ret = ops->resize(&ctx, 0ULL);
+       if (ret < 0)
+               prterrcode("check_trunc_hack: ops->resize pre", ret);
+
+       ret = ops->resize(&ctx, TRUNC_HACK_SIZE);
+       if (ret < 0)
+               prterrcode("check_trunc_hack: ops->resize actual", ret);
+
+       ret = ops->get_size(&ctx, &size);
+       if (ret < 0)
+               prterrcode("check_trunc_hack: ops->get_size", ret);
+
+       if (size != TRUNC_HACK_SIZE) {
+               prt("no extend on truncate! not posix!\n");
+               exit(130);
+       }
+
+       ret = ops->resize(&ctx, 0ULL);
+       if (ret < 0)
+               prterrcode("check_trunc_hack: ops->resize post", ret);
+}
+
+int
+create_image()
+{
+       int r;
+       int order = 0;
+       char buf[32];
+
+       r = rados_create(&cluster, NULL);
+       if (r < 0) {
+               simple_err("Could not create cluster handle", r);
+               return r;
+       }
+       rados_conf_parse_env(cluster, NULL);
+       r = rados_conf_read_file(cluster, NULL);
+       if (r < 0) {
+               simple_err("Error reading ceph config file", r);
+               goto failed_shutdown;
+       }
+       r = rados_connect(cluster);
+       if (r < 0) {
+               simple_err("Error connecting to cluster", r);
+               goto failed_shutdown;
+       }
+       r = krbd_create_from_context(rados_cct(cluster), &krbd);
+       if (r < 0) {
+               simple_err("Could not create libkrbd handle", r);
+               goto failed_shutdown;
+       }
+
+       r = rados_pool_create(cluster, pool);
+       if (r < 0 && r != -EEXIST) {
+               simple_err("Error creating pool", r);
+               goto failed_krbd;
+       }
+       r = rados_ioctx_create(cluster, pool, &ioctx);
+       if (r < 0) {
+               simple_err("Error creating ioctx", r);
+               goto failed_krbd;
+       }
+        rados_application_enable(ioctx, "rbd", 1);
+
+       if (clone_calls || journal_replay) {
+                uint64_t features = 0;
+                if (clone_calls) {
+                        features |= RBD_FEATURE_LAYERING;
+                }
+                if (journal_replay) {
+                        features |= (RBD_FEATURE_EXCLUSIVE_LOCK |
+                                     RBD_FEATURE_JOURNALING);
+                }
+               r = rbd_create2(ioctx, iname, 0, features, &order);
+       } else {
+               r = rbd_create(ioctx, iname, 0, &order);
+       }
+       if (r < 0) {
+               simple_err("Error creating image", r);
+               goto failed_open;
+       }
+
+        if (journal_replay) {
+                r = register_journal(ioctx, iname);
+                if (r < 0) {
+                        goto failed_open;
+                }
+        }
+
+       r = rados_conf_get(cluster, "rbd_skip_partial_discard", buf,
+                          sizeof(buf));
+       if (r < 0) {
+               simple_err("Could not get rbd_skip_partial_discard value", r);
+               goto failed_open;
+       }
+       skip_partial_discard = (strcmp(buf, "true") == 0);
+
+       return 0;
+
+ failed_open:
+       rados_ioctx_destroy(ioctx);
+ failed_krbd:
+       krbd_destroy(krbd);
+ failed_shutdown:
+       rados_shutdown(cluster);
+       return r;
+}
+
+void
+doflush(unsigned offset, unsigned size)
+{
+       int ret;
+
+       if (o_direct)
+               return;
+
+       ret = ops->flush(&ctx);
+       if (ret < 0)
+               prterrcode("doflush: ops->flush", ret);
+}
+
+void
+doread(unsigned offset, unsigned size)
+{
+       int ret;
+
+       offset -= offset % readbdy;
+       if (o_direct)
+               size -= size % readbdy;
+       if (size == 0) {
+               if (!quiet && testcalls > simulatedopcount && !o_direct)
+                       prt("skipping zero size read\n");
+               log4(OP_SKIPPED, OP_READ, offset, size);
+               return;
+       }
+       if (size + offset > file_size) {
+               if (!quiet && testcalls > simulatedopcount)
+                       prt("skipping seek/read past end of file\n");
+               log4(OP_SKIPPED, OP_READ, offset, size);
+               return;
+       }
+
+       log4(OP_READ, offset, size, 0);
+
+       if (testcalls <= simulatedopcount)
+               return;
+
+       if (!quiet &&
+               ((progressinterval && testcalls % progressinterval == 0)  ||
+               (debug &&
+                      (monitorstart == -1 ||
+                       (static_cast<long>(offset + size) > monitorstart &&
+                        (monitorend == -1 ||
+                         static_cast<long>(offset) <= monitorend))))))
+               prt("%lu read\t0x%x thru\t0x%x\t(0x%x bytes)\n", testcalls,
+                   offset, offset + size - 1, size);
+
+       ret = ops->read(&ctx, offset, size, temp_buf);
+       if (ret != (int)size) {
+               if (ret < 0)
+                       prterrcode("doread: ops->read", ret);
+               else
+                       prt("short read: 0x%x bytes instead of 0x%x\n",
+                           ret, size);
+               report_failure(141);
+       }
+
+       check_buffers(good_buf, temp_buf, offset, size);
+}
+
+
+void
+check_eofpage(char *s, unsigned offset, char *p, int size)
+{
+       unsigned long last_page, should_be_zero;
+
+       if (offset + size <= (file_size & ~page_mask))
+               return;
+       /*
+        * we landed in the last page of the file
+        * test to make sure the VM system provided 0's 
+        * beyond the true end of the file mapping
+        * (as required by mmap def in 1996 posix 1003.1)
+        */
+       last_page = ((unsigned long)p + (offset & page_mask) + size) & ~page_mask;
+
+       for (should_be_zero = last_page + (file_size & page_mask);
+            should_be_zero < last_page + page_size;
+            should_be_zero++)
+               if (*(char *)should_be_zero) {
+                       prt("Mapped %s: non-zero data past EOF (0x%llx) page offset 0x%x is 0x%04x\n",
+                           s, file_size - 1, should_be_zero & page_mask,
+                           short_at(should_be_zero));
+                       report_failure(205);
+               }
+}
+
+
+void
+gendata(char *original_buf, char *good_buf, unsigned offset, unsigned size)
+{
+       while (size--) {
+               good_buf[offset] = testcalls % 256; 
+               if (offset % 2)
+                       good_buf[offset] += original_buf[offset];
+               offset++;
+       }
+}
+
+
+void
+dowrite(unsigned offset, unsigned size)
+{
+       ssize_t ret;
+       off_t newsize;
+
+       offset -= offset % writebdy;
+       if (o_direct)
+               size -= size % writebdy;
+       if (size == 0) {
+               if (!quiet && testcalls > simulatedopcount && !o_direct)
+                       prt("skipping zero size write\n");
+               log4(OP_SKIPPED, OP_WRITE, offset, size);
+               return;
+       }
+
+       log4(OP_WRITE, offset, size, file_size);
+
+       gendata(original_buf, good_buf, offset, size);
+       if (file_size < offset + size) {
+               newsize = ceil(((double)offset + size) / truncbdy) * truncbdy;
+               if (file_size < newsize)
+                       memset(good_buf + file_size, '\0', newsize - file_size);
+               file_size = newsize;
+               if (lite) {
+                       warn("Lite file size bug in fsx!");
+                       report_failure(149);
+               }
+               ret = ops->resize(&ctx, newsize);
+               if (ret < 0) {
+                       prterrcode("dowrite: ops->resize", ret);
+                       report_failure(150);
+               }
+       }
+
+       if (testcalls <= simulatedopcount)
+               return;
+
+       if (!quiet &&
+               ((progressinterval && testcalls % progressinterval == 0) ||
+                      (debug &&
+                      (monitorstart == -1 ||
+                       (static_cast<long>(offset + size) > monitorstart &&
+                        (monitorend == -1 ||
+                         static_cast<long>(offset) <= monitorend))))))
+               prt("%lu write\t0x%x thru\t0x%x\t(0x%x bytes)\n", testcalls,
+                   offset, offset + size - 1, size);
+
+       ret = ops->write(&ctx, offset, size, good_buf + offset);
+       if (ret != (ssize_t)size) {
+               if (ret < 0)
+                       prterrcode("dowrite: ops->write", ret);
+               else
+                       prt("short write: 0x%x bytes instead of 0x%x\n",
+                           ret, size);
+               report_failure(151);
+       }
+
+       if (flush_enabled)
+               doflush(offset, size);
+}
+
+
+void
+dotruncate(unsigned size)
+{
+       int oldsize = file_size;
+       int ret;
+
+       size -= size % truncbdy;
+       if (size > biggest) {
+               biggest = size;
+               if (!quiet && testcalls > simulatedopcount)
+                       prt("truncating to largest ever: 0x%x\n", size);
+       }
+
+       log4(OP_TRUNCATE, size, (unsigned)file_size, 0);
+
+       if (size > file_size)
+               memset(good_buf + file_size, '\0', size - file_size);
+       else if (size < file_size)
+               memset(good_buf + size, '\0', file_size - size);
+       file_size = size;
+
+       if (testcalls <= simulatedopcount)
+               return;
+
+       if ((progressinterval && testcalls % progressinterval == 0) ||
+           (debug && (monitorstart == -1 || monitorend == -1 ||
+                      (long)size <= monitorend)))
+               prt("%lu trunc\tfrom 0x%x to 0x%x\n", testcalls, oldsize, size);
+
+       ret = ops->resize(&ctx, size);
+       if (ret < 0) {
+               prterrcode("dotruncate: ops->resize", ret);
+               report_failure(160);
+       }
+}
+
+void
+do_punch_hole(unsigned offset, unsigned length)
+{
+       unsigned end_offset;
+       int max_offset = 0;
+       int max_len = 0;
+       int ret;
+
+       offset -= offset % holebdy;
+       length -= length % holebdy;
+       if (length == 0) {
+               if (!quiet && testcalls > simulatedopcount)
+                       prt("skipping zero length punch hole\n");
+               log4(OP_SKIPPED, OP_PUNCH_HOLE, offset, length);
+               return;
+       }
+
+       if (file_size <= (loff_t)offset) {
+               if (!quiet && testcalls > simulatedopcount)
+                       prt("skipping hole punch off the end of the file\n");
+               log4(OP_SKIPPED, OP_PUNCH_HOLE, offset, length);
+               return;
+       }
+
+       end_offset = offset + length;
+
+       log4(OP_PUNCH_HOLE, offset, length, 0);
+
+       if (testcalls <= simulatedopcount)
+               return;
+
+       if ((progressinterval && testcalls % progressinterval == 0) ||
+           (debug && (monitorstart == -1 || monitorend == -1 ||
+                      (long)end_offset <= monitorend))) {
+               prt("%lu punch\tfrom 0x%x to 0x%x, (0x%x bytes)\n", testcalls,
+                       offset, offset+length, length);
+       }
+
+       ret = ops->discard(&ctx, (unsigned long long)offset,
+                          (unsigned long long)length);
+       if (ret < 0) {
+               prterrcode("do_punch_hole: ops->discard", ret);
+               report_failure(161);
+       }
+
+       max_offset = offset < file_size ? offset : file_size;
+       max_len = max_offset + length <= file_size ? length :
+                       file_size - max_offset;
+       memset(good_buf + max_offset, '\0', max_len);
+}
+
+unsigned get_data_size(unsigned size)
+{
+       unsigned i;
+       unsigned hint;
+       unsigned max = sqrt((double)size) + 1;
+       unsigned good = 1;
+       unsigned curr = good;
+
+       hint = get_random() % max;
+
+       for (i = 1; i < max && curr < hint; i++) {
+               if (size % i == 0) {
+                       good = curr;
+                       curr = i;
+               }
+       }
+
+       if (curr == hint)
+               good = curr;
+
+       return good;
+}
+
+void
+dowritesame(unsigned offset, unsigned size)
+{
+       ssize_t ret;
+       off_t newsize;
+       unsigned buf_off;
+       unsigned data_size;
+       int n;
+
+       offset -= offset % writebdy;
+       if (o_direct)
+               size -= size % writebdy;
+       if (size == 0) {
+               if (!quiet && testcalls > simulatedopcount && !o_direct)
+                       prt("skipping zero size writesame\n");
+               log4(OP_SKIPPED, OP_WRITESAME, offset, size);
+               return;
+       }
+
+       data_size = get_data_size(size);
+
+       log4(OP_WRITESAME, offset, size, data_size);
+
+       gendata(original_buf, good_buf, offset, data_size);
+       if (file_size < offset + size) {
+               newsize = ceil(((double)offset + size) / truncbdy) * truncbdy;
+               if (file_size < newsize)
+                       memset(good_buf + file_size, '\0', newsize - file_size);
+               file_size = newsize;
+               if (lite) {
+                       warn("Lite file size bug in fsx!");
+                       report_failure(162);
+               }
+               ret = ops->resize(&ctx, newsize);
+               if (ret < 0) {
+                       prterrcode("dowritesame: ops->resize", ret);
+                       report_failure(163);
+               }
+       }
+
+       for (n = size / data_size, buf_off = data_size; n > 1; n--) {
+               memcpy(good_buf + offset + buf_off, good_buf + offset, data_size);
+               buf_off += data_size;
+       }
+
+       if (testcalls <= simulatedopcount)
+               return;
+
+       if (!quiet &&
+               ((progressinterval && testcalls % progressinterval == 0) ||
+                      (debug &&
+                      (monitorstart == -1 ||
+                       (static_cast<long>(offset + size) > monitorstart &&
+                        (monitorend == -1 ||
+                         static_cast<long>(offset) <= monitorend))))))
+               prt("%lu writesame\t0x%x thru\t0x%x\tdata_size\t0x%x(0x%x bytes)\n", testcalls,
+                   offset, offset + size - 1, data_size, size);
+
+       ret = ops->writesame(&ctx, offset, size, good_buf + offset, data_size);
+       if (ret != (ssize_t)size) {
+               if (ret < 0)
+                       prterrcode("dowritesame: ops->writesame", ret);
+               else
+                       prt("short writesame: 0x%x bytes instead of 0x%x\n",
+                           ret, size);
+               report_failure(164);
+       }
+
+       if (flush_enabled)
+               doflush(offset, size);
+}
+
+void
+docompareandwrite(unsigned offset, unsigned size)
+{
+        int ret;
+
+        offset -= offset % writebdy;
+        if (o_direct)
+                size -= size % writebdy;
+
+        if (size == 0) {
+                if (!quiet && testcalls > simulatedopcount && !o_direct)
+                        prt("skipping zero size read\n");
+                log4(OP_SKIPPED, OP_READ, offset, size);
+                return;
+        }
+
+        if (size + offset > file_size) {
+                if (!quiet && testcalls > simulatedopcount)
+                        prt("skipping seek/compare past end of file\n");
+                log4(OP_SKIPPED, OP_COMPARE_AND_WRITE, offset, size);
+                return;
+        }
+
+        memcpy(temp_buf + offset, good_buf + offset, size);
+       gendata(original_buf, good_buf, offset, size);
+        log4(OP_COMPARE_AND_WRITE, offset, size, 0);
+
+        if (testcalls <= simulatedopcount)
+                return;
+
+        if (!quiet &&
+               ((progressinterval && testcalls % progressinterval == 0) ||
+                      (debug &&
+                      (monitorstart == -1 ||
+                       (static_cast<long>(offset + size) > monitorstart &&
+                        (monitorend == -1 ||
+                         static_cast<long>(offset) <= monitorend))))))
+               prt("%lu compareandwrite\t0x%x thru\t0x%x\t(0x%x bytes)\n", testcalls,
+                   offset, offset + size - 1, size);
+
+        ret = ops->compare_and_write(&ctx, offset, size, temp_buf + offset,
+                                     good_buf + offset);
+        if (ret != (ssize_t)size) {
+                if (ret == -EINVAL) {
+                        memcpy(good_buf + offset, temp_buf + offset, size);
+                        return;
+                }
+                if (ret < 0)
+                        prterrcode("docompareandwrite: ops->compare_and_write", ret);
+                else
+                        prt("short write: 0x%x bytes instead of 0x%x\n", ret, size);
+                report_failure(151);
+                return;
+        }
+
+        if (flush_enabled)
+                doflush(offset, size);
+}
+
+void clone_filename(char *buf, size_t len, int clones)
+{
+       snprintf(buf, len, "%s/fsx-%s-parent%d",
+                dirpath, iname, clones);
+}
+
+void clone_imagename(char *buf, size_t len, int clones)
+{
+       if (clones > 0)
+               snprintf(buf, len, "%s-clone%d", iname, clones);
+       else
+               strncpy(buf, iname, len);
+        buf[len - 1] = '\0';
+}
+
+void replay_imagename(char *buf, size_t len, int clones)
+{
+        clone_imagename(buf, len, clones);
+        strncat(buf, "-replay", len - strlen(buf));
+        buf[len - 1] = '\0';
+}
+
+void check_clone(int clonenum, bool replay_image);
+
+void
+do_clone()
+{
+       char filename[1024];
+       char imagename[1024];
+       char lastimagename[1024];
+       int ret, fd;
+       int order = 0, stripe_unit = 0, stripe_count = 0;
+       uint64_t newsize = file_size;
+
+       log4(OP_CLONE, 0, 0, 0);
+       ++num_clones;
+
+       if (randomize_striping) {
+               order = 18 + get_random() % 8;
+               stripe_unit = 1ull << (order - 1 - (get_random() % 8));
+               stripe_count = 2 + get_random() % 14;
+       }
+
+       prt("%lu clone\t%d order %d su %d sc %d\n", testcalls, num_clones,
+           order, stripe_unit, stripe_count);
+
+       clone_imagename(imagename, sizeof(imagename), num_clones);
+       clone_imagename(lastimagename, sizeof(lastimagename),
+                       num_clones - 1);
+       assert(strcmp(lastimagename, ctx.name) == 0);
+
+       ret = ops->clone(&ctx, "snap", imagename, &order, stripe_unit,
+                        stripe_count);
+       if (ret < 0) {
+               prterrcode("do_clone: ops->clone", ret);
+               exit(165);
+       }
+
+       if (randomize_parent_overlap && rbd_image_has_parent(&ctx)) {
+               int rand = get_random() % 16 + 1; // [1..16]
+
+               if (rand < 13) {
+                       uint64_t overlap;
+
+                       ret = rbd_get_overlap(ctx.image, &overlap);
+                       if (ret < 0) {
+                               prterrcode("do_clone: rbd_get_overlap", ret);
+                               exit(1);
+                       }
+
+                       if (rand < 10) {        // 9/16
+                               newsize = overlap * ((double)rand / 10);
+                               newsize -= newsize % truncbdy;
+                       } else {                // 3/16
+                               newsize = 0;
+                       }
+
+                       assert(newsize != (uint64_t)file_size);
+                       prt("truncating image %s from 0x%llx (overlap 0x%llx) to 0x%llx\n",
+                           ctx.name, file_size, overlap, newsize);
+
+                       ret = ops->resize(&ctx, newsize);
+                       if (ret < 0) {
+                               prterrcode("do_clone: ops->resize", ret);
+                               exit(1);
+                       }
+               } else if (rand < 15) {         // 2/16
+                       prt("flattening image %s\n", ctx.name);
+
+                       ret = ops->flatten(&ctx);
+                       if (ret < 0) {
+                               prterrcode("do_clone: ops->flatten", ret);
+                               exit(1);
+                       }
+               } else {                        // 2/16
+                       prt("leaving image %s intact\n", ctx.name);
+               }
+       }
+
+       clone_filename(filename, sizeof(filename), num_clones);
+       if ((fd = open(filename, O_WRONLY|O_CREAT|O_TRUNC, 0666)) < 0) {
+               simple_err("do_clone: open", -errno);
+               exit(162);
+       }
+       save_buffer(good_buf, newsize, fd);
+       if ((ret = close(fd)) < 0) {
+               simple_err("do_clone: close", -errno);
+               exit(163);
+       }
+
+       /*
+        * Close parent.
+        */
+       if ((ret = ops->close(&ctx)) < 0) {
+               prterrcode("do_clone: ops->close", ret);
+               exit(174);
+       }
+
+        if (journal_replay) {
+                ret = finalize_journal(ioctx, lastimagename, num_clones - 1,
+                                       order, stripe_unit, stripe_count);
+                if (ret < 0) {
+                        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+                }
+
+                ret = register_journal(ioctx, imagename);
+                if (ret < 0) {
+                        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+                }
+        }
+
+       /*
+        * Open freshly made clone.
+        */
+       if ((ret = ops->open(imagename, &ctx)) < 0) {
+               prterrcode("do_clone: ops->open", ret);
+               exit(166);
+       }
+
+       if (num_clones > 1) {
+                if (journal_replay) {
+                       check_clone(num_clones - 2, true);
+                }
+               check_clone(num_clones - 2, false);
+        }
+}
+
+void
+check_clone(int clonenum, bool replay_image)
+{
+       char filename[128];
+       char imagename[128];
+       int ret, fd;
+       struct rbd_ctx cur_ctx = RBD_CTX_INIT;
+       struct stat file_info;
+       char *good_buf, *temp_buf;
+
+        if (replay_image) {
+                replay_imagename(imagename, sizeof(imagename), clonenum);
+        } else {
+               clone_imagename(imagename, sizeof(imagename), clonenum);
+        }
+
+       if ((ret = ops->open(imagename, &cur_ctx)) < 0) {
+               prterrcode("check_clone: ops->open", ret);
+               exit(167);
+       }
+
+       clone_filename(filename, sizeof(filename), clonenum + 1);
+       if ((fd = open(filename, O_RDONLY)) < 0) {
+               simple_err("check_clone: open", -errno);
+               exit(168);
+       }
+
+       prt("checking clone #%d, image %s against file %s\n",
+           clonenum, imagename, filename);
+       if ((ret = fstat(fd, &file_info)) < 0) {
+               simple_err("check_clone: fstat", -errno);
+               exit(169);
+       }
+
+       good_buf = NULL;
+       ret = posix_memalign((void **)&good_buf,
+                            MAX(writebdy, (int)sizeof(void *)),
+                            file_info.st_size);
+       if (ret > 0) {
+               prterrcode("check_clone: posix_memalign(good_buf)", -ret);
+               exit(96);
+       }
+
+       temp_buf = NULL;
+       ret = posix_memalign((void **)&temp_buf,
+                            MAX(readbdy, (int)sizeof(void *)),
+                            file_info.st_size);
+       if (ret > 0) {
+               prterrcode("check_clone: posix_memalign(temp_buf)", -ret);
+               exit(97);
+       }
+
+       if ((ret = pread(fd, good_buf, file_info.st_size, 0)) < 0) {
+               simple_err("check_clone: pread", -errno);
+               exit(170);
+       }
+       if ((ret = ops->read(&cur_ctx, 0, file_info.st_size, temp_buf)) < 0) {
+               prterrcode("check_clone: ops->read", ret);
+               exit(171);
+       }
+       close(fd);
+       if ((ret = ops->close(&cur_ctx)) < 0) {
+               prterrcode("check_clone: ops->close", ret);
+               exit(174);
+       }
+       check_buffers(good_buf, temp_buf, 0, file_info.st_size);
+
+        if (!replay_image) {
+               unlink(filename);
+        }
+
+       free(good_buf);
+       free(temp_buf);
+}
+
+void
+writefileimage()
+{
+       ssize_t ret;
+
+       ret = ops->write(&ctx, 0, file_size, good_buf);
+       if (ret != file_size) {
+               if (ret < 0)
+                       prterrcode("writefileimage: ops->write", ret);
+               else
+                       prt("short write: 0x%x bytes instead of 0x%llx\n",
+                           ret, (unsigned long long)file_size);
+               report_failure(172);
+       }
+
+       if (!lite) {
+               ret = ops->resize(&ctx, file_size);
+               if (ret < 0) {
+                       prterrcode("writefileimage: ops->resize", ret);
+                       report_failure(173);
+               }
+       }
+}
+
+void
+do_flatten()
+{
+       int ret;
+
+       if (!rbd_image_has_parent(&ctx)) {
+               log4(OP_SKIPPED, OP_FLATTEN, 0, 0);
+               return;
+       }
+       log4(OP_FLATTEN, 0, 0, 0);
+       prt("%lu flatten\n", testcalls);
+
+       ret = ops->flatten(&ctx);
+       if (ret < 0) {
+               prterrcode("writefileimage: ops->flatten", ret);
+               exit(177);
+       }
+}
+
+void
+docloseopen(void)
+{
+       char *name;
+       int ret;
+
+       if (testcalls <= simulatedopcount)
+               return;
+
+       name = strdup(ctx.name);
+
+       if (debug)
+               prt("%lu close/open\n", testcalls);
+
+       ret = ops->close(&ctx);
+       if (ret < 0) {
+               prterrcode("docloseopen: ops->close", ret);
+               report_failure(180);
+       }
+
+       ret = ops->open(name, &ctx);
+       if (ret < 0) {
+               prterrcode("docloseopen: ops->open", ret);
+               report_failure(181);
+       }
+
+       free(name);
+}
+
+#define TRIM_OFF_LEN(off, len, size)   \
+do {                                   \
+       if (size)                       \
+               (off) %= (size);        \
+       else                            \
+               (off) = 0;              \
+       if ((unsigned)(off) + (unsigned)(len) > (unsigned)(size))       \
+               (len) = (size) - (off); \
+} while (0)
+
+void
+test(void)
+{
+       unsigned long   offset;
+       unsigned long   size = maxoplen;
+       unsigned long   rv = get_random();
+       unsigned long   op;
+
+       if (simulatedopcount > 0 && testcalls == simulatedopcount)
+               writefileimage();
+
+       testcalls++;
+
+       if (closeprob)
+               closeopen = (rv >> 3) < (1u << 28) / (unsigned)closeprob;
+
+       if (debugstart > 0 && testcalls >= debugstart)
+               debug = 1;
+
+       if (!quiet && testcalls < simulatedopcount && testcalls % 100000 == 0)
+               prt("%lu...\n", testcalls);
+
+       offset = get_random();
+       if (randomoplen)
+               size = get_random() % (maxoplen + 1);
+
+       /* calculate appropriate op to run */
+       if (lite)
+               op = rv % OP_MAX_LITE;
+       else
+               op = rv % OP_MAX_FULL;
+
+       switch (op) {
+       case OP_MAPREAD:
+               if (!mapped_reads)
+                       op = OP_READ;
+               break;
+       case OP_MAPWRITE:
+               if (!mapped_writes)
+                       op = OP_WRITE;
+               break;
+       case OP_FALLOCATE:
+               if (!fallocate_calls) {
+                       log4(OP_SKIPPED, OP_FALLOCATE, offset, size);
+                       goto out;
+               }
+               break;
+       case OP_PUNCH_HOLE:
+               if (!punch_hole_calls) {
+                       log4(OP_SKIPPED, OP_PUNCH_HOLE, offset, size);
+                       goto out;
+               }
+               break;
+       case OP_CLONE:
+               /* clone, 8% chance */
+               if (!clone_calls || file_size == 0 || get_random() % 100 >= 8) {
+                       log4(OP_SKIPPED, OP_CLONE, 0, 0);
+                       goto out;
+               }
+               break;
+       case OP_FLATTEN:
+               /* flatten four times as rarely as clone, 2% chance */
+               if (get_random() % 100 >= 2) {
+                       log4(OP_SKIPPED, OP_FLATTEN, 0, 0);
+                       goto out;
+               }
+               break;
+       case OP_WRITESAME:
+               /* writesame not implemented */
+               if (!ops->writesame) {
+                       log4(OP_SKIPPED, OP_WRITESAME, offset, size);
+                       goto out;
+               }
+               break;
+        case OP_COMPARE_AND_WRITE:
+                /* compare_and_write not implemented */
+                if (!ops->compare_and_write) {
+                        log4(OP_SKIPPED, OP_COMPARE_AND_WRITE, offset, size);
+                        goto out;
+                }
+               break;
+       }
+
+       switch (op) {
+       case OP_READ:
+               TRIM_OFF_LEN(offset, size, file_size);
+               doread(offset, size);
+               break;
+
+       case OP_WRITE:
+               TRIM_OFF_LEN(offset, size, maxfilelen);
+               dowrite(offset, size);
+               break;
+
+       case OP_MAPREAD:
+               TRIM_OFF_LEN(offset, size, file_size);
+               exit(183);
+               break;
+
+       case OP_MAPWRITE:
+               TRIM_OFF_LEN(offset, size, maxfilelen);
+               exit(182);
+               break;
+
+       case OP_TRUNCATE:
+               if (!style)
+                       size = get_random() % maxfilelen;
+               dotruncate(size);
+               break;
+
+       case OP_PUNCH_HOLE:
+               TRIM_OFF_LEN(offset, size, file_size);
+               do_punch_hole(offset, size);
+               break;
+
+       case OP_WRITESAME:
+               TRIM_OFF_LEN(offset, size, maxfilelen);
+               dowritesame(offset, size);
+               break;
+        case OP_COMPARE_AND_WRITE:
+                TRIM_OFF_LEN(offset, size, file_size);
+                docompareandwrite(offset, size);
+                break;
+
+       case OP_CLONE:
+               do_clone();
+               break;
+
+       case OP_FLATTEN:
+               do_flatten();
+               break;
+
+       default:
+               prterr("test: unknown operation");
+               report_failure(42);
+               break;
+       }
+
+out:
+       if (sizechecks && testcalls > simulatedopcount)
+               check_size();
+       if (closeopen)
+               docloseopen();
+}
+
+
+void
+cleanup(int sig)
+{
+       if (sig)
+               prt("signal %d\n", sig);
+       prt("testcalls = %lu\n", testcalls);
+       exit(sig);
+}
+
+
+void
+usage(void)
+{
+       fprintf(stdout, "usage: %s",
+               "fsx [-dfjknqxyACFHKLORUWZ] [-b opnum] [-c Prob] [-h holebdy] [-l flen] [-m start:end] [-o oplen] [-p progressinterval] [-r readbdy] [-s style] [-t truncbdy] [-w writebdy] [-D startingop] [-N numops] [-P dirpath] [-S seed] pname iname\n\
+       -b opnum: beginning operation number (default 1)\n\
+       -c P: 1 in P chance of file close+open at each op (default infinity)\n\
+       -d: debug output for all operations\n\
+       -f: flush and invalidate cache after I/O\n\
+       -h holebdy: 4096 would make discards page aligned (default 1)\n\
+       -j: journal replay stress test\n\
+       -k: keep data on success (default 0)\n\
+       -l flen: the upper bound on file size (default 262144)\n\
+       -m startop:endop: monitor (print debug output) specified byte range (default 0:infinity)\n\
+       -n: no verifications of file size\n\
+       -o oplen: the upper bound on operation size (default 65536)\n\
+       -p progressinterval: debug output at specified operation interval\n\
+       -q: quieter operation\n\
+       -r readbdy: 4096 would make reads page aligned (default 1)\n\
+       -s style: 1 gives smaller truncates (default 0)\n\
+       -t truncbdy: 4096 would make truncates page aligned (default 1)\n\
+       -w writebdy: 4096 would make writes page aligned (default 1)\n\
+       -x: preallocate file space before starting, XFS only (default 0)\n\
+       -y: synchronize changes to a file\n"
+
+"      -C: do not use clone calls\n\
+       -D startingop: debug output starting at specified operation\n"
+#ifdef FALLOCATE
+"      -F: Do not use fallocate (preallocation) calls\n"
+#endif
+"      -H: do not use punch hole calls\n\
+       -K: enable krbd mode (use -t and -h too)\n\
+       -M: enable rbd-nbd mode (use -t and -h too)\n\
+       -L: fsxLite - no file creations & no file size changes\n\
+       -N numops: total # operations to do (default infinity)\n\
+       -O: use oplen (see -o flag) for every op (default random)\n\
+       -P dirpath: save .fsxlog and .fsxgood files in dirpath (default ./)\n\
+       -R: read() system calls only (mapped reads disabled)\n\
+       -S seed: for random # generator (default 1) 0 gets timestamp\n\
+       -U: disable randomized striping\n\
+       -W: mapped write operations DISabled\n\
+       -Z: O_DIRECT (use -R, -W, -r and -w too)\n\
+       poolname: this is REQUIRED (no default)\n\
+       imagename: this is REQUIRED (no default)\n");
+       exit(89);
+}
+
+
+int
+getnum(char *s, char **e)
+{
+       int ret;
+
+       *e = (char *) 0;
+       ret = strtol(s, e, 0);
+       if (*e)
+               switch (**e) {
+               case 'b':
+               case 'B':
+                       ret *= 512;
+                       *e = *e + 1;
+                       break;
+               case 'k':
+               case 'K':
+                       ret *= 1024;
+                       *e = *e + 1;
+                       break;
+               case 'm':
+               case 'M':
+                       ret *= 1024*1024;
+                       *e = *e + 1;
+                       break;
+               case 'w':
+               case 'W':
+                       ret *= 4;
+                       *e = *e + 1;
+                       break;
+               }
+       return (ret);
+}
+
+void
+test_fallocate()
+{
+#ifdef FALLOCATE
+       if (!lite && fallocate_calls) {
+               if (fallocate(fd, 0, 0, 1) && errno == EOPNOTSUPP) {
+                       if(!quiet)
+                               warn("main: filesystem does not support fallocate, disabling\n");
+                       fallocate_calls = 0;
+               } else {
+                       ftruncate(fd, 0);
+               }
+       }
+#else /* ! FALLOCATE */
+       fallocate_calls = 0;
+#endif
+
+}
+
+void remove_image(rados_ioctx_t ioctx, char *imagename, bool remove_snap,
+                  bool unregister) {
+       rbd_image_t image;
+       char errmsg[128];
+        int ret;
+
+       if ((ret = rbd_open(ioctx, imagename, &image, NULL)) < 0) {
+               sprintf(errmsg, "rbd_open %s", imagename);
+               prterrcode(errmsg, ret);
+               report_failure(101);
+       }
+       if (remove_snap) {
+               if ((ret = rbd_snap_unprotect(image, "snap")) < 0) {
+                       sprintf(errmsg, "rbd_snap_unprotect %s@snap",
+                               imagename);
+                       prterrcode(errmsg, ret);
+                       report_failure(102);
+               }
+               if ((ret = rbd_snap_remove(image, "snap")) < 0) {
+                       sprintf(errmsg, "rbd_snap_remove %s@snap",
+                               imagename);
+                       prterrcode(errmsg, ret);
+                       report_failure(103);
+               }
+       }
+       if ((ret = rbd_close(image)) < 0) {
+               sprintf(errmsg, "rbd_close %s", imagename);
+               prterrcode(errmsg, ret);
+               report_failure(104);
+       }
+
+        if (unregister &&
+            (ret = unregister_journal(ioctx, imagename)) < 0) {
+                report_failure(105);
+        }
+
+       if ((ret = rbd_remove(ioctx, imagename)) < 0) {
+               sprintf(errmsg, "rbd_remove %s", imagename);
+               prterrcode(errmsg, ret);
+               report_failure(106);
+       }
+}
+
+int
+main(int argc, char **argv)
+{
+       int     i, style, ch, ret;
+       char    *endp;
+       char goodfile[1024];
+       char logfile[1024];
+
+       goodfile[0] = 0;
+       logfile[0] = 0;
+
+       page_size = getpagesize();
+       page_mask = page_size - 1;
+       mmap_mask = page_mask;
+
+       setvbuf(stdout, (char *)0, _IOLBF, 0); /* line buffered stdout */
+
+       while ((ch = getopt(argc, argv, "b:c:dfh:jkl:m:no:p:qr:s:t:w:xyCD:FHKMLN:OP:RS:UWZ"))
+              != EOF)
+               switch (ch) {
+               case 'b':
+                       simulatedopcount = getnum(optarg, &endp);
+                       if (!quiet)
+                               fprintf(stdout, "Will begin at operation %lu\n",
+                                       simulatedopcount);
+                       if (simulatedopcount == 0)
+                               usage();
+                       simulatedopcount -= 1;
+                       break;
+               case 'c':
+                       closeprob = getnum(optarg, &endp);
+                       if (!quiet)
+                               fprintf(stdout,
+                                       "Chance of close/open is 1 in %d\n",
+                                       closeprob);
+                       if (closeprob <= 0)
+                               usage();
+                       break;
+               case 'd':
+                       debug = 1;
+                       break;
+               case 'f':
+                       flush_enabled = 1;
+                       break;
+               case 'h':
+                       holebdy = getnum(optarg, &endp);
+                       if (holebdy <= 0)
+                               usage();
+                       break;
+                case 'j':
+                        journal_replay = true;
+                        break;
+               case 'k':
+                       keep_on_success = 1;
+                       break;
+               case 'l':
+                       {
+                               int _num = getnum(optarg, &endp);
+                               if (_num <= 0)
+                                       usage();
+                               maxfilelen = _num;
+                       }
+                       break;
+               case 'm':
+                       monitorstart = getnum(optarg, &endp);
+                       if (monitorstart < 0)
+                               usage();
+                       if (!endp || *endp++ != ':')
+                               usage();
+                       monitorend = getnum(endp, &endp);
+                       if (monitorend < 0)
+                               usage();
+                       if (monitorend == 0)
+                               monitorend = -1; /* aka infinity */
+                       debug = 1;
+                       break;
+               case 'n':
+                       sizechecks = 0;
+                       break;
+               case 'o':
+                       maxoplen = getnum(optarg, &endp);
+                       if (maxoplen <= 0)
+                               usage();
+                       break;
+               case 'p':
+                       progressinterval = getnum(optarg, &endp);
+                       if (progressinterval == 0)
+                               usage();
+                       break;
+               case 'q':
+                       quiet = 1;
+                       break;
+               case 'r':
+                       readbdy = getnum(optarg, &endp);
+                       if (readbdy <= 0)
+                               usage();
+                       break;
+               case 's':
+                       style = getnum(optarg, &endp);
+                       if (style < 0 || style > 1)
+                               usage();
+                       break;
+               case 't':
+                       truncbdy = getnum(optarg, &endp);
+                       if (truncbdy <= 0)
+                               usage();
+                       break;
+               case 'w':
+                       writebdy = getnum(optarg, &endp);
+                       if (writebdy <= 0)
+                               usage();
+                       break;
+               case 'x':
+                       prealloc = 1;
+                       break;
+               case 'y':
+                       do_fsync = 1;
+                       break;
+               case 'C':
+                       clone_calls = 0;
+                       break;
+               case 'D':
+                       debugstart = getnum(optarg, &endp);
+                       if (debugstart < 1)
+                               usage();
+                       break;
+               case 'F':
+                       fallocate_calls = 0;
+                       break;
+               case 'H':
+                       punch_hole_calls = 0;
+                       break;
+               case 'K':
+                       prt("krbd mode enabled\n");
+                       ops = &krbd_operations;
+                       break;
+               case 'M':
+                       prt("rbd-nbd mode enabled\n");
+                       ops = &nbd_operations;
+                       break;
+               case 'L':
+                       prt("lite mode not supported for rbd\n");
+                       exit(1);
+                       break;
+               case 'N':
+                       numops = getnum(optarg, &endp);
+                       if (numops < 0)
+                               usage();
+                       break;
+               case 'O':
+                       randomoplen = 0;
+                       break;
+               case 'P':
+                       strncpy(dirpath, optarg, sizeof(dirpath)-1);
+                       dirpath[sizeof(dirpath)-1] = '\0';
+                       strncpy(goodfile, dirpath, sizeof(goodfile)-1);
+                       goodfile[sizeof(goodfile)-1] = '\0';
+                       if (strlen(goodfile) < sizeof(goodfile)-2) {
+                               strcat(goodfile, "/");
+                       } else {
+                               prt("file name to long\n");
+                               exit(1);
+                       }
+                       strncpy(logfile, dirpath, sizeof(logfile)-1);
+                       logfile[sizeof(logfile)-1] = '\0';
+                       if (strlen(logfile) < sizeof(logfile)-2) {
+                               strcat(logfile, "/");
+                       } else {
+                               prt("file path to long\n");
+                               exit(1);
+                       }
+                       break;
+                case 'R':
+                        mapped_reads = 0;
+                       if (!quiet)
+                               fprintf(stdout, "mapped reads DISABLED\n");
+                        break;
+               case 'S':
+                        seed = getnum(optarg, &endp);
+                       if (seed == 0)
+                               seed = time(0) % 10000;
+                       if (!quiet)
+                               fprintf(stdout, "Seed set to %d\n", seed);
+                       if (seed < 0)
+                               usage();
+                       break;
+               case 'U':
+                       randomize_striping = 0;
+                       break;
+               case 'W':
+                       mapped_writes = 0;
+                       if (!quiet)
+                               fprintf(stdout, "mapped writes DISABLED\n");
+                       break;
+               case 'Z':
+                       o_direct = O_DIRECT;
+                       break;
+               default:
+                       usage();
+                       /* NOTREACHED */
+               }
+       argc -= optind;
+       argv += optind;
+       if (argc != 2)
+               usage();
+       pool = argv[0];
+       iname = argv[1];
+
+       signal(SIGHUP,  cleanup);
+       signal(SIGINT,  cleanup);
+       signal(SIGPIPE, cleanup);
+       signal(SIGALRM, cleanup);
+       signal(SIGTERM, cleanup);
+       signal(SIGXCPU, cleanup);
+       signal(SIGXFSZ, cleanup);
+       signal(SIGVTALRM,       cleanup);
+       signal(SIGUSR1, cleanup);
+       signal(SIGUSR2, cleanup);
+
+       random_generator.seed(seed);
+
+       ret = create_image();
+       if (ret < 0) {
+               prterrcode(iname, ret);
+               exit(90);
+       }
+       ret = ops->open(iname, &ctx);
+       if (ret < 0) {
+               simple_err("Error opening image", ret);
+               exit(91);
+       }
+       if (!dirpath[0])
+               strcat(dirpath, ".");
+       strncat(goodfile, iname, 256);
+       strcat (goodfile, ".fsxgood");
+       fsxgoodfd = open(goodfile, O_RDWR|O_CREAT|O_TRUNC, 0666);
+       if (fsxgoodfd < 0) {
+               prterr(goodfile);
+               exit(92);
+       }
+       strncat(logfile, iname, 256);
+       strcat (logfile, ".fsxlog");
+       fsxlogf = fopen(logfile, "w");
+       if (fsxlogf == NULL) {
+               prterr(logfile);
+               exit(93);
+       }
+
+       original_buf = (char *) malloc(maxfilelen);
+       for (i = 0; i < (int)maxfilelen; i++)
+               original_buf[i] = get_random() % 256;
+
+       ret = posix_memalign((void **)&good_buf,
+                            MAX(writebdy, (int)sizeof(void *)), maxfilelen);
+       if (ret > 0) {
+               if (ret == EINVAL)
+                       prt("writebdy is not a suitable power of two\n");
+               else
+                       prterrcode("main: posix_memalign(good_buf)", -ret);
+               exit(94);
+       }
+       memset(good_buf, '\0', maxfilelen);
+
+       ret = posix_memalign((void **)&temp_buf,
+                            MAX(readbdy, (int)sizeof(void *)), maxfilelen);
+       if (ret > 0) {
+               if (ret == EINVAL)
+                       prt("readbdy is not a suitable power of two\n");
+               else
+                       prterrcode("main: posix_memalign(temp_buf)", -ret);
+               exit(95);
+       }
+       memset(temp_buf, '\0', maxfilelen);
+
+       if (lite) {     /* zero entire existing file */
+               ssize_t written;
+
+               written = ops->write(&ctx, 0, (size_t)maxfilelen, good_buf);
+               if (written != (ssize_t)maxfilelen) {
+                       if (written < 0) {
+                               prterrcode(iname, written);
+                               warn("main: error on write");
+                       } else
+                               warn("main: short write, 0x%x bytes instead "
+                                       "of 0x%lx\n",
+                                       (unsigned)written,
+                                       maxfilelen);
+                       exit(98);
+               }
+       } else
+               check_trunc_hack();
+
+       //test_fallocate();
+
+       while (numops == -1 || numops--)
+               test();
+
+       ret = ops->close(&ctx);
+       if (ret < 0) {
+               prterrcode("ops->close", ret);
+               report_failure(99);
+       }
+
+        if (journal_replay) {
+                char imagename[1024];
+               clone_imagename(imagename, sizeof(imagename), num_clones);
+                ret = finalize_journal(ioctx, imagename, num_clones, 0, 0, 0);
+                if (ret < 0) {
+                        report_failure(100);
+                }
+        }
+
+       if (num_clones > 0) {
+                if (journal_replay) {
+                       check_clone(num_clones - 1, true);
+                }
+               check_clone(num_clones - 1, false);
+        }
+
+       if (!keep_on_success) {
+               while (num_clones >= 0) {
+                       static bool remove_snap = false;
+
+                       if (journal_replay) {
+                               char replayimagename[1024];
+                               replay_imagename(replayimagename,
+                                                sizeof(replayimagename),
+                                                num_clones);
+                               remove_image(ioctx, replayimagename,
+                                            remove_snap,
+                                            false);
+                       }
+
+                       char clonename[128];
+                       clone_imagename(clonename, 128, num_clones);
+                       remove_image(ioctx, clonename, remove_snap,
+                                    journal_replay);
+
+                       remove_snap = true;
+                       num_clones--;
+               }
+       }
+
+       prt("All operations completed A-OK!\n");
+       fclose(fsxlogf);
+
+       rados_ioctx_destroy(ioctx);
+       krbd_destroy(krbd);
+       rados_shutdown(cluster);
+
+       free(original_buf);
+       free(good_buf);
+       free(temp_buf);
+
+       exit(0);
+       return 0;
+}