Add qemu 2.4.0
[kvmfornfv.git] / qemu / blockdev.c
diff --git a/qemu/blockdev.c b/qemu/blockdev.c
new file mode 100644 (file)
index 0000000..62a4586
--- /dev/null
@@ -0,0 +1,3245 @@
+/*
+ * QEMU host block devices
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2003-2008 Fabrice Bellard
+ *
+ * This work is licensed under the terms of the GNU GPL, version 2 or
+ * later.  See the COPYING file in the top-level directory.
+ *
+ * This file incorporates work covered by the following copyright and
+ * permission notice:
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2003-2008 Fabrice Bellard
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL
+ * THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+#include "sysemu/block-backend.h"
+#include "sysemu/blockdev.h"
+#include "hw/block/block.h"
+#include "block/blockjob.h"
+#include "block/throttle-groups.h"
+#include "monitor/monitor.h"
+#include "qemu/error-report.h"
+#include "qemu/option.h"
+#include "qemu/config-file.h"
+#include "qapi/qmp/types.h"
+#include "qapi-visit.h"
+#include "qapi/qmp/qerror.h"
+#include "qapi/qmp-output-visitor.h"
+#include "qapi/util.h"
+#include "sysemu/sysemu.h"
+#include "block/block_int.h"
+#include "qmp-commands.h"
+#include "trace.h"
+#include "sysemu/arch_init.h"
+
+static const char *const if_name[IF_COUNT] = {
+    [IF_NONE] = "none",
+    [IF_IDE] = "ide",
+    [IF_SCSI] = "scsi",
+    [IF_FLOPPY] = "floppy",
+    [IF_PFLASH] = "pflash",
+    [IF_MTD] = "mtd",
+    [IF_SD] = "sd",
+    [IF_VIRTIO] = "virtio",
+    [IF_XEN] = "xen",
+};
+
+static int if_max_devs[IF_COUNT] = {
+    /*
+     * Do not change these numbers!  They govern how drive option
+     * index maps to unit and bus.  That mapping is ABI.
+     *
+     * All controllers used to imlement if=T drives need to support
+     * if_max_devs[T] units, for any T with if_max_devs[T] != 0.
+     * Otherwise, some index values map to "impossible" bus, unit
+     * values.
+     *
+     * For instance, if you change [IF_SCSI] to 255, -drive
+     * if=scsi,index=12 no longer means bus=1,unit=5, but
+     * bus=0,unit=12.  With an lsi53c895a controller (7 units max),
+     * the drive can't be set up.  Regression.
+     */
+    [IF_IDE] = 2,
+    [IF_SCSI] = 7,
+};
+
+/**
+ * Boards may call this to offer board-by-board overrides
+ * of the default, global values.
+ */
+void override_max_devs(BlockInterfaceType type, int max_devs)
+{
+    BlockBackend *blk;
+    DriveInfo *dinfo;
+
+    if (max_devs <= 0) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    for (blk = blk_next(NULL); blk; blk = blk_next(blk)) {
+        dinfo = blk_legacy_dinfo(blk);
+        if (dinfo->type == type) {
+            fprintf(stderr, "Cannot override units-per-bus property of"
+                    " the %s interface, because a drive of that type has"
+                    " already been added.\n", if_name[type]);
+            g_assert_not_reached();
+        }
+    }
+
+    if_max_devs[type] = max_devs;
+}
+
+/*
+ * We automatically delete the drive when a device using it gets
+ * unplugged.  Questionable feature, but we can't just drop it.
+ * Device models call blockdev_mark_auto_del() to schedule the
+ * automatic deletion, and generic qdev code calls blockdev_auto_del()
+ * when deletion is actually safe.
+ */
+void blockdev_mark_auto_del(BlockBackend *blk)
+{
+    DriveInfo *dinfo = blk_legacy_dinfo(blk);
+    BlockDriverState *bs = blk_bs(blk);
+    AioContext *aio_context;
+
+    if (!dinfo) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    aio_context = bdrv_get_aio_context(bs);
+    aio_context_acquire(aio_context);
+
+    if (bs->job) {
+        block_job_cancel(bs->job);
+    }
+
+    aio_context_release(aio_context);
+
+    dinfo->auto_del = 1;
+}
+
+void blockdev_auto_del(BlockBackend *blk)
+{
+    DriveInfo *dinfo = blk_legacy_dinfo(blk);
+
+    if (dinfo && dinfo->auto_del) {
+        blk_unref(blk);
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Returns the current mapping of how many units per bus
+ * a particular interface can support.
+ *
+ *  A positive integer indicates n units per bus.
+ *  0 implies the mapping has not been established.
+ * -1 indicates an invalid BlockInterfaceType was given.
+ */
+int drive_get_max_devs(BlockInterfaceType type)
+{
+    if (type >= IF_IDE && type < IF_COUNT) {
+        return if_max_devs[type];
+    }
+
+    return -1;
+}
+
+static int drive_index_to_bus_id(BlockInterfaceType type, int index)
+{
+    int max_devs = if_max_devs[type];
+    return max_devs ? index / max_devs : 0;
+}
+
+static int drive_index_to_unit_id(BlockInterfaceType type, int index)
+{
+    int max_devs = if_max_devs[type];
+    return max_devs ? index % max_devs : index;
+}
+
+QemuOpts *drive_def(const char *optstr)
+{
+    return qemu_opts_parse_noisily(qemu_find_opts("drive"), optstr, false);
+}
+
+QemuOpts *drive_add(BlockInterfaceType type, int index, const char *file,
+                    const char *optstr)
+{
+    QemuOpts *opts;
+
+    opts = drive_def(optstr);
+    if (!opts) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    if (type != IF_DEFAULT) {
+        qemu_opt_set(opts, "if", if_name[type], &error_abort);
+    }
+    if (index >= 0) {
+        qemu_opt_set_number(opts, "index", index, &error_abort);
+    }
+    if (file)
+        qemu_opt_set(opts, "file", file, &error_abort);
+    return opts;
+}
+
+DriveInfo *drive_get(BlockInterfaceType type, int bus, int unit)
+{
+    BlockBackend *blk;
+    DriveInfo *dinfo;
+
+    for (blk = blk_next(NULL); blk; blk = blk_next(blk)) {
+        dinfo = blk_legacy_dinfo(blk);
+        if (dinfo && dinfo->type == type
+            && dinfo->bus == bus && dinfo->unit == unit) {
+            return dinfo;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+bool drive_check_orphaned(void)
+{
+    BlockBackend *blk;
+    DriveInfo *dinfo;
+    bool rs = false;
+
+    for (blk = blk_next(NULL); blk; blk = blk_next(blk)) {
+        dinfo = blk_legacy_dinfo(blk);
+        /* If dinfo->bdrv->dev is NULL, it has no device attached. */
+        /* Unless this is a default drive, this may be an oversight. */
+        if (!blk_get_attached_dev(blk) && !dinfo->is_default &&
+            dinfo->type != IF_NONE) {
+            fprintf(stderr, "Warning: Orphaned drive without device: "
+                    "id=%s,file=%s,if=%s,bus=%d,unit=%d\n",
+                    blk_name(blk), blk_bs(blk)->filename, if_name[dinfo->type],
+                    dinfo->bus, dinfo->unit);
+            rs = true;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return rs;
+}
+
+DriveInfo *drive_get_by_index(BlockInterfaceType type, int index)
+{
+    return drive_get(type,
+                     drive_index_to_bus_id(type, index),
+                     drive_index_to_unit_id(type, index));
+}
+
+int drive_get_max_bus(BlockInterfaceType type)
+{
+    int max_bus;
+    BlockBackend *blk;
+    DriveInfo *dinfo;
+
+    max_bus = -1;
+    for (blk = blk_next(NULL); blk; blk = blk_next(blk)) {
+        dinfo = blk_legacy_dinfo(blk);
+        if (dinfo && dinfo->type == type && dinfo->bus > max_bus) {
+            max_bus = dinfo->bus;
+        }
+    }
+    return max_bus;
+}
+
+/* Get a block device.  This should only be used for single-drive devices
+   (e.g. SD/Floppy/MTD).  Multi-disk devices (scsi/ide) should use the
+   appropriate bus.  */
+DriveInfo *drive_get_next(BlockInterfaceType type)
+{
+    static int next_block_unit[IF_COUNT];
+
+    return drive_get(type, 0, next_block_unit[type]++);
+}
+
+static void bdrv_format_print(void *opaque, const char *name)
+{
+    error_printf(" %s", name);
+}
+
+typedef struct {
+    QEMUBH *bh;
+    BlockDriverState *bs;
+} BDRVPutRefBH;
+
+static void bdrv_put_ref_bh(void *opaque)
+{
+    BDRVPutRefBH *s = opaque;
+
+    bdrv_unref(s->bs);
+    qemu_bh_delete(s->bh);
+    g_free(s);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Release a BDS reference in a BH
+ *
+ * It is not safe to use bdrv_unref() from a callback function when the callers
+ * still need the BlockDriverState.  In such cases we schedule a BH to release
+ * the reference.
+ */
+static void bdrv_put_ref_bh_schedule(BlockDriverState *bs)
+{
+    BDRVPutRefBH *s;
+
+    s = g_new(BDRVPutRefBH, 1);
+    s->bh = qemu_bh_new(bdrv_put_ref_bh, s);
+    s->bs = bs;
+    qemu_bh_schedule(s->bh);
+}
+
+static int parse_block_error_action(const char *buf, bool is_read, Error **errp)
+{
+    if (!strcmp(buf, "ignore")) {
+        return BLOCKDEV_ON_ERROR_IGNORE;
+    } else if (!is_read && !strcmp(buf, "enospc")) {
+        return BLOCKDEV_ON_ERROR_ENOSPC;
+    } else if (!strcmp(buf, "stop")) {
+        return BLOCKDEV_ON_ERROR_STOP;
+    } else if (!strcmp(buf, "report")) {
+        return BLOCKDEV_ON_ERROR_REPORT;
+    } else {
+        error_setg(errp, "'%s' invalid %s error action",
+                   buf, is_read ? "read" : "write");
+        return -1;
+    }
+}
+
+static bool check_throttle_config(ThrottleConfig *cfg, Error **errp)
+{
+    if (throttle_conflicting(cfg)) {
+        error_setg(errp, "bps/iops/max total values and read/write values"
+                         " cannot be used at the same time");
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    if (!throttle_is_valid(cfg)) {
+        error_setg(errp, "bps/iops/maxs values must be 0 or greater");
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    return true;
+}
+
+typedef enum { MEDIA_DISK, MEDIA_CDROM } DriveMediaType;
+
+/* Takes the ownership of bs_opts */
+static BlockBackend *blockdev_init(const char *file, QDict *bs_opts,
+                                   Error **errp)
+{
+    const char *buf;
+    int ro = 0;
+    int bdrv_flags = 0;
+    int on_read_error, on_write_error;
+    BlockBackend *blk;
+    BlockDriverState *bs;
+    ThrottleConfig cfg;
+    int snapshot = 0;
+    bool copy_on_read;
+    Error *error = NULL;
+    QemuOpts *opts;
+    const char *id;
+    bool has_driver_specific_opts;
+    BlockdevDetectZeroesOptions detect_zeroes;
+    const char *throttling_group;
+
+    /* Check common options by copying from bs_opts to opts, all other options
+     * stay in bs_opts for processing by bdrv_open(). */
+    id = qdict_get_try_str(bs_opts, "id");
+    opts = qemu_opts_create(&qemu_common_drive_opts, id, 1, &error);
+    if (error) {
+        error_propagate(errp, error);
+        goto err_no_opts;
+    }
+
+    qemu_opts_absorb_qdict(opts, bs_opts, &error);
+    if (error) {
+        error_propagate(errp, error);
+        goto early_err;
+    }
+
+    if (id) {
+        qdict_del(bs_opts, "id");
+    }
+
+    has_driver_specific_opts = !!qdict_size(bs_opts);
+
+    /* extract parameters */
+    snapshot = qemu_opt_get_bool(opts, "snapshot", 0);
+    ro = qemu_opt_get_bool(opts, "read-only", 0);
+    copy_on_read = qemu_opt_get_bool(opts, "copy-on-read", false);
+
+    if ((buf = qemu_opt_get(opts, "discard")) != NULL) {
+        if (bdrv_parse_discard_flags(buf, &bdrv_flags) != 0) {
+            error_setg(errp, "invalid discard option");
+            goto early_err;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (qemu_opt_get_bool(opts, BDRV_OPT_CACHE_WB, true)) {
+        bdrv_flags |= BDRV_O_CACHE_WB;
+    }
+    if (qemu_opt_get_bool(opts, BDRV_OPT_CACHE_DIRECT, false)) {
+        bdrv_flags |= BDRV_O_NOCACHE;
+    }
+    if (qemu_opt_get_bool(opts, BDRV_OPT_CACHE_NO_FLUSH, false)) {
+        bdrv_flags |= BDRV_O_NO_FLUSH;
+    }
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_LINUX_AIO
+    if ((buf = qemu_opt_get(opts, "aio")) != NULL) {
+        if (!strcmp(buf, "native")) {
+            bdrv_flags |= BDRV_O_NATIVE_AIO;
+        } else if (!strcmp(buf, "threads")) {
+            /* this is the default */
+        } else {
+           error_setg(errp, "invalid aio option");
+           goto early_err;
+        }
+    }
+#endif
+
+    if ((buf = qemu_opt_get(opts, "format")) != NULL) {
+        if (is_help_option(buf)) {
+            error_printf("Supported formats:");
+            bdrv_iterate_format(bdrv_format_print, NULL);
+            error_printf("\n");
+            goto early_err;
+        }
+
+        if (qdict_haskey(bs_opts, "driver")) {
+            error_setg(errp, "Cannot specify both 'driver' and 'format'");
+            goto early_err;
+        }
+        qdict_put(bs_opts, "driver", qstring_from_str(buf));
+    }
+
+    /* disk I/O throttling */
+    memset(&cfg, 0, sizeof(cfg));
+    cfg.buckets[THROTTLE_BPS_TOTAL].avg =
+        qemu_opt_get_number(opts, "throttling.bps-total", 0);
+    cfg.buckets[THROTTLE_BPS_READ].avg  =
+        qemu_opt_get_number(opts, "throttling.bps-read", 0);
+    cfg.buckets[THROTTLE_BPS_WRITE].avg =
+        qemu_opt_get_number(opts, "throttling.bps-write", 0);
+    cfg.buckets[THROTTLE_OPS_TOTAL].avg =
+        qemu_opt_get_number(opts, "throttling.iops-total", 0);
+    cfg.buckets[THROTTLE_OPS_READ].avg =
+        qemu_opt_get_number(opts, "throttling.iops-read", 0);
+    cfg.buckets[THROTTLE_OPS_WRITE].avg =
+        qemu_opt_get_number(opts, "throttling.iops-write", 0);
+
+    cfg.buckets[THROTTLE_BPS_TOTAL].max =
+        qemu_opt_get_number(opts, "throttling.bps-total-max", 0);
+    cfg.buckets[THROTTLE_BPS_READ].max  =
+        qemu_opt_get_number(opts, "throttling.bps-read-max", 0);
+    cfg.buckets[THROTTLE_BPS_WRITE].max =
+        qemu_opt_get_number(opts, "throttling.bps-write-max", 0);
+    cfg.buckets[THROTTLE_OPS_TOTAL].max =
+        qemu_opt_get_number(opts, "throttling.iops-total-max", 0);
+    cfg.buckets[THROTTLE_OPS_READ].max =
+        qemu_opt_get_number(opts, "throttling.iops-read-max", 0);
+    cfg.buckets[THROTTLE_OPS_WRITE].max =
+        qemu_opt_get_number(opts, "throttling.iops-write-max", 0);
+
+    cfg.op_size = qemu_opt_get_number(opts, "throttling.iops-size", 0);
+
+    throttling_group = qemu_opt_get(opts, "throttling.group");
+
+    if (!check_throttle_config(&cfg, &error)) {
+        error_propagate(errp, error);
+        goto early_err;
+    }
+
+    on_write_error = BLOCKDEV_ON_ERROR_ENOSPC;
+    if ((buf = qemu_opt_get(opts, "werror")) != NULL) {
+        on_write_error = parse_block_error_action(buf, 0, &error);
+        if (error) {
+            error_propagate(errp, error);
+            goto early_err;
+        }
+    }
+
+    on_read_error = BLOCKDEV_ON_ERROR_REPORT;
+    if ((buf = qemu_opt_get(opts, "rerror")) != NULL) {
+        on_read_error = parse_block_error_action(buf, 1, &error);
+        if (error) {
+            error_propagate(errp, error);
+            goto early_err;
+        }
+    }
+
+    detect_zeroes =
+        qapi_enum_parse(BlockdevDetectZeroesOptions_lookup,
+                        qemu_opt_get(opts, "detect-zeroes"),
+                        BLOCKDEV_DETECT_ZEROES_OPTIONS_MAX,
+                        BLOCKDEV_DETECT_ZEROES_OPTIONS_OFF,
+                        &error);
+    if (error) {
+        error_propagate(errp, error);
+        goto early_err;
+    }
+
+    if (detect_zeroes == BLOCKDEV_DETECT_ZEROES_OPTIONS_UNMAP &&
+        !(bdrv_flags & BDRV_O_UNMAP)) {
+        error_setg(errp, "setting detect-zeroes to unmap is not allowed "
+                         "without setting discard operation to unmap");
+        goto early_err;
+    }
+
+    /* init */
+    if ((!file || !*file) && !has_driver_specific_opts) {
+        blk = blk_new_with_bs(qemu_opts_id(opts), errp);
+        if (!blk) {
+            goto early_err;
+        }
+
+        bs = blk_bs(blk);
+        bs->open_flags = snapshot ? BDRV_O_SNAPSHOT : 0;
+        bs->read_only = ro;
+
+        QDECREF(bs_opts);
+    } else {
+        if (file && !*file) {
+            file = NULL;
+        }
+
+        if (snapshot) {
+            /* always use cache=unsafe with snapshot */
+            bdrv_flags &= ~BDRV_O_CACHE_MASK;
+            bdrv_flags |= (BDRV_O_SNAPSHOT|BDRV_O_CACHE_WB|BDRV_O_NO_FLUSH);
+        }
+
+        if (copy_on_read) {
+            bdrv_flags |= BDRV_O_COPY_ON_READ;
+        }
+
+        if (runstate_check(RUN_STATE_INMIGRATE)) {
+            bdrv_flags |= BDRV_O_INCOMING;
+        }
+
+        bdrv_flags |= ro ? 0 : BDRV_O_RDWR;
+
+        blk = blk_new_open(qemu_opts_id(opts), file, NULL, bs_opts, bdrv_flags,
+                           errp);
+        if (!blk) {
+            goto err_no_bs_opts;
+        }
+        bs = blk_bs(blk);
+    }
+
+    bs->detect_zeroes = detect_zeroes;
+
+    bdrv_set_on_error(bs, on_read_error, on_write_error);
+
+    /* disk I/O throttling */
+    if (throttle_enabled(&cfg)) {
+        if (!throttling_group) {
+            throttling_group = blk_name(blk);
+        }
+        bdrv_io_limits_enable(bs, throttling_group);
+        bdrv_set_io_limits(bs, &cfg);
+    }
+
+    if (bdrv_key_required(bs)) {
+        autostart = 0;
+    }
+
+err_no_bs_opts:
+    qemu_opts_del(opts);
+    return blk;
+
+early_err:
+    qemu_opts_del(opts);
+err_no_opts:
+    QDECREF(bs_opts);
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+static void qemu_opt_rename(QemuOpts *opts, const char *from, const char *to,
+                            Error **errp)
+{
+    const char *value;
+
+    value = qemu_opt_get(opts, from);
+    if (value) {
+        if (qemu_opt_find(opts, to)) {
+            error_setg(errp, "'%s' and its alias '%s' can't be used at the "
+                       "same time", to, from);
+            return;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /* rename all items in opts */
+    while ((value = qemu_opt_get(opts, from))) {
+        qemu_opt_set(opts, to, value, &error_abort);
+        qemu_opt_unset(opts, from);
+    }
+}
+
+QemuOptsList qemu_legacy_drive_opts = {
+    .name = "drive",
+    .head = QTAILQ_HEAD_INITIALIZER(qemu_legacy_drive_opts.head),
+    .desc = {
+        {
+            .name = "bus",
+            .type = QEMU_OPT_NUMBER,
+            .help = "bus number",
+        },{
+            .name = "unit",
+            .type = QEMU_OPT_NUMBER,
+            .help = "unit number (i.e. lun for scsi)",
+        },{
+            .name = "index",
+            .type = QEMU_OPT_NUMBER,
+            .help = "index number",
+        },{
+            .name = "media",
+            .type = QEMU_OPT_STRING,
+            .help = "media type (disk, cdrom)",
+        },{
+            .name = "if",
+            .type = QEMU_OPT_STRING,
+            .help = "interface (ide, scsi, sd, mtd, floppy, pflash, virtio)",
+        },{
+            .name = "cyls",
+            .type = QEMU_OPT_NUMBER,
+            .help = "number of cylinders (ide disk geometry)",
+        },{
+            .name = "heads",
+            .type = QEMU_OPT_NUMBER,
+            .help = "number of heads (ide disk geometry)",
+        },{
+            .name = "secs",
+            .type = QEMU_OPT_NUMBER,
+            .help = "number of sectors (ide disk geometry)",
+        },{
+            .name = "trans",
+            .type = QEMU_OPT_STRING,
+            .help = "chs translation (auto, lba, none)",
+        },{
+            .name = "boot",
+            .type = QEMU_OPT_BOOL,
+            .help = "(deprecated, ignored)",
+        },{
+            .name = "addr",
+            .type = QEMU_OPT_STRING,
+            .help = "pci address (virtio only)",
+        },{
+            .name = "serial",
+            .type = QEMU_OPT_STRING,
+            .help = "disk serial number",
+        },{
+            .name = "file",
+            .type = QEMU_OPT_STRING,
+            .help = "file name",
+        },
+
+        /* Options that are passed on, but have special semantics with -drive */
+        {
+            .name = "read-only",
+            .type = QEMU_OPT_BOOL,
+            .help = "open drive file as read-only",
+        },{
+            .name = "rerror",
+            .type = QEMU_OPT_STRING,
+            .help = "read error action",
+        },{
+            .name = "werror",
+            .type = QEMU_OPT_STRING,
+            .help = "write error action",
+        },{
+            .name = "copy-on-read",
+            .type = QEMU_OPT_BOOL,
+            .help = "copy read data from backing file into image file",
+        },
+
+        { /* end of list */ }
+    },
+};
+
+DriveInfo *drive_new(QemuOpts *all_opts, BlockInterfaceType block_default_type)
+{
+    const char *value;
+    BlockBackend *blk;
+    DriveInfo *dinfo = NULL;
+    QDict *bs_opts;
+    QemuOpts *legacy_opts;
+    DriveMediaType media = MEDIA_DISK;
+    BlockInterfaceType type;
+    int cyls, heads, secs, translation;
+    int max_devs, bus_id, unit_id, index;
+    const char *devaddr;
+    const char *werror, *rerror;
+    bool read_only = false;
+    bool copy_on_read;
+    const char *serial;
+    const char *filename;
+    Error *local_err = NULL;
+    int i;
+
+    /* Change legacy command line options into QMP ones */
+    static const struct {
+        const char *from;
+        const char *to;
+    } opt_renames[] = {
+        { "iops",           "throttling.iops-total" },
+        { "iops_rd",        "throttling.iops-read" },
+        { "iops_wr",        "throttling.iops-write" },
+
+        { "bps",            "throttling.bps-total" },
+        { "bps_rd",         "throttling.bps-read" },
+        { "bps_wr",         "throttling.bps-write" },
+
+        { "iops_max",       "throttling.iops-total-max" },
+        { "iops_rd_max",    "throttling.iops-read-max" },
+        { "iops_wr_max",    "throttling.iops-write-max" },
+
+        { "bps_max",        "throttling.bps-total-max" },
+        { "bps_rd_max",     "throttling.bps-read-max" },
+        { "bps_wr_max",     "throttling.bps-write-max" },
+
+        { "iops_size",      "throttling.iops-size" },
+
+        { "group",          "throttling.group" },
+
+        { "readonly",       "read-only" },
+    };
+
+    for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(opt_renames); i++) {
+        qemu_opt_rename(all_opts, opt_renames[i].from, opt_renames[i].to,
+                        &local_err);
+        if (local_err) {
+            error_report_err(local_err);
+            return NULL;
+        }
+    }
+
+    value = qemu_opt_get(all_opts, "cache");
+    if (value) {
+        int flags = 0;
+
+        if (bdrv_parse_cache_flags(value, &flags) != 0) {
+            error_report("invalid cache option");
+            return NULL;
+        }
+
+        /* Specific options take precedence */
+        if (!qemu_opt_get(all_opts, BDRV_OPT_CACHE_WB)) {
+            qemu_opt_set_bool(all_opts, BDRV_OPT_CACHE_WB,
+                              !!(flags & BDRV_O_CACHE_WB), &error_abort);
+        }
+        if (!qemu_opt_get(all_opts, BDRV_OPT_CACHE_DIRECT)) {
+            qemu_opt_set_bool(all_opts, BDRV_OPT_CACHE_DIRECT,
+                              !!(flags & BDRV_O_NOCACHE), &error_abort);
+        }
+        if (!qemu_opt_get(all_opts, BDRV_OPT_CACHE_NO_FLUSH)) {
+            qemu_opt_set_bool(all_opts, BDRV_OPT_CACHE_NO_FLUSH,
+                              !!(flags & BDRV_O_NO_FLUSH), &error_abort);
+        }
+        qemu_opt_unset(all_opts, "cache");
+    }
+
+    /* Get a QDict for processing the options */
+    bs_opts = qdict_new();
+    qemu_opts_to_qdict(all_opts, bs_opts);
+
+    legacy_opts = qemu_opts_create(&qemu_legacy_drive_opts, NULL, 0,
+                                   &error_abort);
+    qemu_opts_absorb_qdict(legacy_opts, bs_opts, &local_err);
+    if (local_err) {
+        error_report_err(local_err);
+        goto fail;
+    }
+
+    /* Deprecated option boot=[on|off] */
+    if (qemu_opt_get(legacy_opts, "boot") != NULL) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "qemu-kvm: boot=on|off is deprecated and will be "
+                "ignored. Future versions will reject this parameter. Please "
+                "update your scripts.\n");
+    }
+
+    /* Media type */
+    value = qemu_opt_get(legacy_opts, "media");
+    if (value) {
+        if (!strcmp(value, "disk")) {
+            media = MEDIA_DISK;
+        } else if (!strcmp(value, "cdrom")) {
+            media = MEDIA_CDROM;
+            read_only = true;
+        } else {
+            error_report("'%s' invalid media", value);
+            goto fail;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /* copy-on-read is disabled with a warning for read-only devices */
+    read_only |= qemu_opt_get_bool(legacy_opts, "read-only", false);
+    copy_on_read = qemu_opt_get_bool(legacy_opts, "copy-on-read", false);
+
+    if (read_only && copy_on_read) {
+        error_report("warning: disabling copy-on-read on read-only drive");
+        copy_on_read = false;
+    }
+
+    qdict_put(bs_opts, "read-only",
+              qstring_from_str(read_only ? "on" : "off"));
+    qdict_put(bs_opts, "copy-on-read",
+              qstring_from_str(copy_on_read ? "on" :"off"));
+
+    /* Controller type */
+    value = qemu_opt_get(legacy_opts, "if");
+    if (value) {
+        for (type = 0;
+             type < IF_COUNT && strcmp(value, if_name[type]);
+             type++) {
+        }
+        if (type == IF_COUNT) {
+            error_report("unsupported bus type '%s'", value);
+            goto fail;
+        }
+    } else {
+        type = block_default_type;
+    }
+
+    /* Geometry */
+    cyls  = qemu_opt_get_number(legacy_opts, "cyls", 0);
+    heads = qemu_opt_get_number(legacy_opts, "heads", 0);
+    secs  = qemu_opt_get_number(legacy_opts, "secs", 0);
+
+    if (cyls || heads || secs) {
+        if (cyls < 1) {
+            error_report("invalid physical cyls number");
+            goto fail;
+        }
+        if (heads < 1) {
+            error_report("invalid physical heads number");
+            goto fail;
+        }
+        if (secs < 1) {
+            error_report("invalid physical secs number");
+            goto fail;
+        }
+    }
+
+    translation = BIOS_ATA_TRANSLATION_AUTO;
+    value = qemu_opt_get(legacy_opts, "trans");
+    if (value != NULL) {
+        if (!cyls) {
+            error_report("'%s' trans must be used with cyls, heads and secs",
+                         value);
+            goto fail;
+        }
+        if (!strcmp(value, "none")) {
+            translation = BIOS_ATA_TRANSLATION_NONE;
+        } else if (!strcmp(value, "lba")) {
+            translation = BIOS_ATA_TRANSLATION_LBA;
+        } else if (!strcmp(value, "large")) {
+            translation = BIOS_ATA_TRANSLATION_LARGE;
+        } else if (!strcmp(value, "rechs")) {
+            translation = BIOS_ATA_TRANSLATION_RECHS;
+        } else if (!strcmp(value, "auto")) {
+            translation = BIOS_ATA_TRANSLATION_AUTO;
+        } else {
+            error_report("'%s' invalid translation type", value);
+            goto fail;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (media == MEDIA_CDROM) {
+        if (cyls || secs || heads) {
+            error_report("CHS can't be set with media=cdrom");
+            goto fail;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /* Device address specified by bus/unit or index.
+     * If none was specified, try to find the first free one. */
+    bus_id  = qemu_opt_get_number(legacy_opts, "bus", 0);
+    unit_id = qemu_opt_get_number(legacy_opts, "unit", -1);
+    index   = qemu_opt_get_number(legacy_opts, "index", -1);
+
+    max_devs = if_max_devs[type];
+
+    if (index != -1) {
+        if (bus_id != 0 || unit_id != -1) {
+            error_report("index cannot be used with bus and unit");
+            goto fail;
+        }
+        bus_id = drive_index_to_bus_id(type, index);
+        unit_id = drive_index_to_unit_id(type, index);
+    }
+
+    if (unit_id == -1) {
+       unit_id = 0;
+       while (drive_get(type, bus_id, unit_id) != NULL) {
+           unit_id++;
+           if (max_devs && unit_id >= max_devs) {
+               unit_id -= max_devs;
+               bus_id++;
+           }
+       }
+    }
+
+    if (max_devs && unit_id >= max_devs) {
+        error_report("unit %d too big (max is %d)", unit_id, max_devs - 1);
+        goto fail;
+    }
+
+    if (drive_get(type, bus_id, unit_id) != NULL) {
+        error_report("drive with bus=%d, unit=%d (index=%d) exists",
+                     bus_id, unit_id, index);
+        goto fail;
+    }
+
+    /* Serial number */
+    serial = qemu_opt_get(legacy_opts, "serial");
+
+    /* no id supplied -> create one */
+    if (qemu_opts_id(all_opts) == NULL) {
+        char *new_id;
+        const char *mediastr = "";
+        if (type == IF_IDE || type == IF_SCSI) {
+            mediastr = (media == MEDIA_CDROM) ? "-cd" : "-hd";
+        }
+        if (max_devs) {
+            new_id = g_strdup_printf("%s%i%s%i", if_name[type], bus_id,
+                                     mediastr, unit_id);
+        } else {
+            new_id = g_strdup_printf("%s%s%i", if_name[type],
+                                     mediastr, unit_id);
+        }
+        qdict_put(bs_opts, "id", qstring_from_str(new_id));
+        g_free(new_id);
+    }
+
+    /* Add virtio block device */
+    devaddr = qemu_opt_get(legacy_opts, "addr");
+    if (devaddr && type != IF_VIRTIO) {
+        error_report("addr is not supported by this bus type");
+        goto fail;
+    }
+
+    if (type == IF_VIRTIO) {
+        QemuOpts *devopts;
+        devopts = qemu_opts_create(qemu_find_opts("device"), NULL, 0,
+                                   &error_abort);
+        if (arch_type == QEMU_ARCH_S390X) {
+            qemu_opt_set(devopts, "driver", "virtio-blk-ccw", &error_abort);
+        } else {
+            qemu_opt_set(devopts, "driver", "virtio-blk-pci", &error_abort);
+        }
+        qemu_opt_set(devopts, "drive", qdict_get_str(bs_opts, "id"),
+                     &error_abort);
+        if (devaddr) {
+            qemu_opt_set(devopts, "addr", devaddr, &error_abort);
+        }
+    }
+
+    filename = qemu_opt_get(legacy_opts, "file");
+
+    /* Check werror/rerror compatibility with if=... */
+    werror = qemu_opt_get(legacy_opts, "werror");
+    if (werror != NULL) {
+        if (type != IF_IDE && type != IF_SCSI && type != IF_VIRTIO &&
+            type != IF_NONE) {
+            error_report("werror is not supported by this bus type");
+            goto fail;
+        }
+        qdict_put(bs_opts, "werror", qstring_from_str(werror));
+    }
+
+    rerror = qemu_opt_get(legacy_opts, "rerror");
+    if (rerror != NULL) {
+        if (type != IF_IDE && type != IF_VIRTIO && type != IF_SCSI &&
+            type != IF_NONE) {
+            error_report("rerror is not supported by this bus type");
+            goto fail;
+        }
+        qdict_put(bs_opts, "rerror", qstring_from_str(rerror));
+    }
+
+    /* Actual block device init: Functionality shared with blockdev-add */
+    blk = blockdev_init(filename, bs_opts, &local_err);
+    bs_opts = NULL;
+    if (!blk) {
+        if (local_err) {
+            error_report_err(local_err);
+        }
+        goto fail;
+    } else {
+        assert(!local_err);
+    }
+
+    /* Create legacy DriveInfo */
+    dinfo = g_malloc0(sizeof(*dinfo));
+    dinfo->opts = all_opts;
+
+    dinfo->cyls = cyls;
+    dinfo->heads = heads;
+    dinfo->secs = secs;
+    dinfo->trans = translation;
+
+    dinfo->type = type;
+    dinfo->bus = bus_id;
+    dinfo->unit = unit_id;
+    dinfo->devaddr = devaddr;
+    dinfo->serial = g_strdup(serial);
+
+    blk_set_legacy_dinfo(blk, dinfo);
+
+    switch(type) {
+    case IF_IDE:
+    case IF_SCSI:
+    case IF_XEN:
+    case IF_NONE:
+        dinfo->media_cd = media == MEDIA_CDROM;
+        break;
+    default:
+        break;
+    }
+
+fail:
+    qemu_opts_del(legacy_opts);
+    QDECREF(bs_opts);
+    return dinfo;
+}
+
+void hmp_commit(Monitor *mon, const QDict *qdict)
+{
+    const char *device = qdict_get_str(qdict, "device");
+    BlockBackend *blk;
+    int ret;
+
+    if (!strcmp(device, "all")) {
+        ret = bdrv_commit_all();
+    } else {
+        blk = blk_by_name(device);
+        if (!blk) {
+            monitor_printf(mon, "Device '%s' not found\n", device);
+            return;
+        }
+        ret = bdrv_commit(blk_bs(blk));
+    }
+    if (ret < 0) {
+        monitor_printf(mon, "'commit' error for '%s': %s\n", device,
+                       strerror(-ret));
+    }
+}
+
+static void blockdev_do_action(int kind, void *data, Error **errp)
+{
+    TransactionAction action;
+    TransactionActionList list;
+
+    action.kind = kind;
+    action.data = data;
+    list.value = &action;
+    list.next = NULL;
+    qmp_transaction(&list, errp);
+}
+
+void qmp_blockdev_snapshot_sync(bool has_device, const char *device,
+                                bool has_node_name, const char *node_name,
+                                const char *snapshot_file,
+                                bool has_snapshot_node_name,
+                                const char *snapshot_node_name,
+                                bool has_format, const char *format,
+                                bool has_mode, NewImageMode mode, Error **errp)
+{
+    BlockdevSnapshot snapshot = {
+        .has_device = has_device,
+        .device = (char *) device,
+        .has_node_name = has_node_name,
+        .node_name = (char *) node_name,
+        .snapshot_file = (char *) snapshot_file,
+        .has_snapshot_node_name = has_snapshot_node_name,
+        .snapshot_node_name = (char *) snapshot_node_name,
+        .has_format = has_format,
+        .format = (char *) format,
+        .has_mode = has_mode,
+        .mode = mode,
+    };
+    blockdev_do_action(TRANSACTION_ACTION_KIND_BLOCKDEV_SNAPSHOT_SYNC,
+                       &snapshot, errp);
+}
+
+void qmp_blockdev_snapshot_internal_sync(const char *device,
+                                         const char *name,
+                                         Error **errp)
+{
+    BlockdevSnapshotInternal snapshot = {
+        .device = (char *) device,
+        .name = (char *) name
+    };
+
+    blockdev_do_action(TRANSACTION_ACTION_KIND_BLOCKDEV_SNAPSHOT_INTERNAL_SYNC,
+                       &snapshot, errp);
+}
+
+SnapshotInfo *qmp_blockdev_snapshot_delete_internal_sync(const char *device,
+                                                         bool has_id,
+                                                         const char *id,
+                                                         bool has_name,
+                                                         const char *name,
+                                                         Error **errp)
+{
+    BlockDriverState *bs;
+    BlockBackend *blk;
+    AioContext *aio_context;
+    QEMUSnapshotInfo sn;
+    Error *local_err = NULL;
+    SnapshotInfo *info = NULL;
+    int ret;
+
+    blk = blk_by_name(device);
+    if (!blk) {
+        error_set(errp, ERROR_CLASS_DEVICE_NOT_FOUND,
+                  "Device '%s' not found", device);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    bs = blk_bs(blk);
+
+    if (!has_id) {
+        id = NULL;
+    }
+
+    if (!has_name) {
+        name = NULL;
+    }
+
+    if (!id && !name) {
+        error_setg(errp, "Name or id must be provided");
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    aio_context = bdrv_get_aio_context(bs);
+    aio_context_acquire(aio_context);
+
+    if (bdrv_op_is_blocked(bs, BLOCK_OP_TYPE_INTERNAL_SNAPSHOT_DELETE, errp)) {
+        goto out_aio_context;
+    }
+
+    ret = bdrv_snapshot_find_by_id_and_name(bs, id, name, &sn, &local_err);
+    if (local_err) {
+        error_propagate(errp, local_err);
+        goto out_aio_context;
+    }
+    if (!ret) {
+        error_setg(errp,
+                   "Snapshot with id '%s' and name '%s' does not exist on "
+                   "device '%s'",
+                   STR_OR_NULL(id), STR_OR_NULL(name), device);
+        goto out_aio_context;
+    }
+
+    bdrv_snapshot_delete(bs, id, name, &local_err);
+    if (local_err) {
+        error_propagate(errp, local_err);
+        goto out_aio_context;
+    }
+
+    aio_context_release(aio_context);
+
+    info = g_new0(SnapshotInfo, 1);
+    info->id = g_strdup(sn.id_str);
+    info->name = g_strdup(sn.name);
+    info->date_nsec = sn.date_nsec;
+    info->date_sec = sn.date_sec;
+    info->vm_state_size = sn.vm_state_size;
+    info->vm_clock_nsec = sn.vm_clock_nsec % 1000000000;
+    info->vm_clock_sec = sn.vm_clock_nsec / 1000000000;
+
+    return info;
+
+out_aio_context:
+    aio_context_release(aio_context);
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+/**
+ * block_dirty_bitmap_lookup:
+ * Return a dirty bitmap (if present), after validating
+ * the node reference and bitmap names.
+ *
+ * @node: The name of the BDS node to search for bitmaps
+ * @name: The name of the bitmap to search for
+ * @pbs: Output pointer for BDS lookup, if desired. Can be NULL.
+ * @paio: Output pointer for aio_context acquisition, if desired. Can be NULL.
+ * @errp: Output pointer for error information. Can be NULL.
+ *
+ * @return: A bitmap object on success, or NULL on failure.
+ */
+static BdrvDirtyBitmap *block_dirty_bitmap_lookup(const char *node,
+                                                  const char *name,
+                                                  BlockDriverState **pbs,
+                                                  AioContext **paio,
+                                                  Error **errp)
+{
+    BlockDriverState *bs;
+    BdrvDirtyBitmap *bitmap;
+    AioContext *aio_context;
+
+    if (!node) {
+        error_setg(errp, "Node cannot be NULL");
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    if (!name) {
+        error_setg(errp, "Bitmap name cannot be NULL");
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    bs = bdrv_lookup_bs(node, node, NULL);
+    if (!bs) {
+        error_setg(errp, "Node '%s' not found", node);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    aio_context = bdrv_get_aio_context(bs);
+    aio_context_acquire(aio_context);
+
+    bitmap = bdrv_find_dirty_bitmap(bs, name);
+    if (!bitmap) {
+        error_setg(errp, "Dirty bitmap '%s' not found", name);
+        goto fail;
+    }
+
+    if (pbs) {
+        *pbs = bs;
+    }
+    if (paio) {
+        *paio = aio_context;
+    } else {
+        aio_context_release(aio_context);
+    }
+
+    return bitmap;
+
+ fail:
+    aio_context_release(aio_context);
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+/* New and old BlockDriverState structs for atomic group operations */
+
+typedef struct BlkTransactionState BlkTransactionState;
+
+/* Only prepare() may fail. In a single transaction, only one of commit() or
+   abort() will be called, clean() will always be called if it present. */
+typedef struct BdrvActionOps {
+    /* Size of state struct, in bytes. */
+    size_t instance_size;
+    /* Prepare the work, must NOT be NULL. */
+    void (*prepare)(BlkTransactionState *common, Error **errp);
+    /* Commit the changes, can be NULL. */
+    void (*commit)(BlkTransactionState *common);
+    /* Abort the changes on fail, can be NULL. */
+    void (*abort)(BlkTransactionState *common);
+    /* Clean up resource in the end, can be NULL. */
+    void (*clean)(BlkTransactionState *common);
+} BdrvActionOps;
+
+/*
+ * This structure must be arranged as first member in child type, assuming
+ * that compiler will also arrange it to the same address with parent instance.
+ * Later it will be used in free().
+ */
+struct BlkTransactionState {
+    TransactionAction *action;
+    const BdrvActionOps *ops;
+    QSIMPLEQ_ENTRY(BlkTransactionState) entry;
+};
+
+/* internal snapshot private data */
+typedef struct InternalSnapshotState {
+    BlkTransactionState common;
+    BlockDriverState *bs;
+    AioContext *aio_context;
+    QEMUSnapshotInfo sn;
+} InternalSnapshotState;
+
+static void internal_snapshot_prepare(BlkTransactionState *common,
+                                      Error **errp)
+{
+    Error *local_err = NULL;
+    const char *device;
+    const char *name;
+    BlockBackend *blk;
+    BlockDriverState *bs;
+    QEMUSnapshotInfo old_sn, *sn;
+    bool ret;
+    qemu_timeval tv;
+    BlockdevSnapshotInternal *internal;
+    InternalSnapshotState *state;
+    int ret1;
+
+    g_assert(common->action->kind ==
+             TRANSACTION_ACTION_KIND_BLOCKDEV_SNAPSHOT_INTERNAL_SYNC);
+    internal = common->action->blockdev_snapshot_internal_sync;
+    state = DO_UPCAST(InternalSnapshotState, common, common);
+
+    /* 1. parse input */
+    device = internal->device;
+    name = internal->name;
+
+    /* 2. check for validation */
+    blk = blk_by_name(device);
+    if (!blk) {
+        error_set(errp, ERROR_CLASS_DEVICE_NOT_FOUND,
+                  "Device '%s' not found", device);
+        return;
+    }
+    bs = blk_bs(blk);
+
+    /* AioContext is released in .clean() */
+    state->aio_context = bdrv_get_aio_context(bs);
+    aio_context_acquire(state->aio_context);
+
+    if (!bdrv_is_inserted(bs)) {
+        error_setg(errp, QERR_DEVICE_HAS_NO_MEDIUM, device);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    if (bdrv_op_is_blocked(bs, BLOCK_OP_TYPE_INTERNAL_SNAPSHOT, errp)) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    if (bdrv_is_read_only(bs)) {
+        error_setg(errp, "Device '%s' is read only", device);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    if (!bdrv_can_snapshot(bs)) {
+        error_setg(errp, "Block format '%s' used by device '%s' "
+                   "does not support internal snapshots",
+                   bs->drv->format_name, device);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    if (!strlen(name)) {
+        error_setg(errp, "Name is empty");
+        return;
+    }
+
+    /* check whether a snapshot with name exist */
+    ret = bdrv_snapshot_find_by_id_and_name(bs, NULL, name, &old_sn,
+                                            &local_err);
+    if (local_err) {
+        error_propagate(errp, local_err);
+        return;
+    } else if (ret) {
+        error_setg(errp,
+                   "Snapshot with name '%s' already exists on device '%s'",
+                   name, device);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    /* 3. take the snapshot */
+    sn = &state->sn;
+    pstrcpy(sn->name, sizeof(sn->name), name);
+    qemu_gettimeofday(&tv);
+    sn->date_sec = tv.tv_sec;
+    sn->date_nsec = tv.tv_usec * 1000;
+    sn->vm_clock_nsec = qemu_clock_get_ns(QEMU_CLOCK_VIRTUAL);
+
+    ret1 = bdrv_snapshot_create(bs, sn);
+    if (ret1 < 0) {
+        error_setg_errno(errp, -ret1,
+                         "Failed to create snapshot '%s' on device '%s'",
+                         name, device);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    /* 4. succeed, mark a snapshot is created */
+    state->bs = bs;
+}
+
+static void internal_snapshot_abort(BlkTransactionState *common)
+{
+    InternalSnapshotState *state =
+                             DO_UPCAST(InternalSnapshotState, common, common);
+    BlockDriverState *bs = state->bs;
+    QEMUSnapshotInfo *sn = &state->sn;
+    Error *local_error = NULL;
+
+    if (!bs) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    if (bdrv_snapshot_delete(bs, sn->id_str, sn->name, &local_error) < 0) {
+        error_report("Failed to delete snapshot with id '%s' and name '%s' on "
+                     "device '%s' in abort: %s",
+                     sn->id_str,
+                     sn->name,
+                     bdrv_get_device_name(bs),
+                     error_get_pretty(local_error));
+        error_free(local_error);
+    }
+}
+
+static void internal_snapshot_clean(BlkTransactionState *common)
+{
+    InternalSnapshotState *state = DO_UPCAST(InternalSnapshotState,
+                                             common, common);
+
+    if (state->aio_context) {
+        aio_context_release(state->aio_context);
+    }
+}
+
+/* external snapshot private data */
+typedef struct ExternalSnapshotState {
+    BlkTransactionState common;
+    BlockDriverState *old_bs;
+    BlockDriverState *new_bs;
+    AioContext *aio_context;
+} ExternalSnapshotState;
+
+static void external_snapshot_prepare(BlkTransactionState *common,
+                                      Error **errp)
+{
+    BlockDriver *drv;
+    int flags, ret;
+    QDict *options = NULL;
+    Error *local_err = NULL;
+    bool has_device = false;
+    const char *device;
+    bool has_node_name = false;
+    const char *node_name;
+    bool has_snapshot_node_name = false;
+    const char *snapshot_node_name;
+    const char *new_image_file;
+    const char *format = "qcow2";
+    enum NewImageMode mode = NEW_IMAGE_MODE_ABSOLUTE_PATHS;
+    ExternalSnapshotState *state =
+                             DO_UPCAST(ExternalSnapshotState, common, common);
+    TransactionAction *action = common->action;
+
+    /* get parameters */
+    g_assert(action->kind == TRANSACTION_ACTION_KIND_BLOCKDEV_SNAPSHOT_SYNC);
+
+    has_device = action->blockdev_snapshot_sync->has_device;
+    device = action->blockdev_snapshot_sync->device;
+    has_node_name = action->blockdev_snapshot_sync->has_node_name;
+    node_name = action->blockdev_snapshot_sync->node_name;
+    has_snapshot_node_name =
+        action->blockdev_snapshot_sync->has_snapshot_node_name;
+    snapshot_node_name = action->blockdev_snapshot_sync->snapshot_node_name;
+
+    new_image_file = action->blockdev_snapshot_sync->snapshot_file;
+    if (action->blockdev_snapshot_sync->has_format) {
+        format = action->blockdev_snapshot_sync->format;
+    }
+    if (action->blockdev_snapshot_sync->has_mode) {
+        mode = action->blockdev_snapshot_sync->mode;
+    }
+
+    /* start processing */
+    drv = bdrv_find_format(format);
+    if (!drv) {
+        error_setg(errp, QERR_INVALID_BLOCK_FORMAT, format);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    state->old_bs = bdrv_lookup_bs(has_device ? device : NULL,
+                                   has_node_name ? node_name : NULL,
+                                   &local_err);
+    if (local_err) {
+        error_propagate(errp, local_err);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    if (has_node_name && !has_snapshot_node_name) {
+        error_setg(errp, "New snapshot node name missing");
+        return;
+    }
+
+    if (has_snapshot_node_name && bdrv_find_node(snapshot_node_name)) {
+        error_setg(errp, "New snapshot node name already existing");
+        return;
+    }
+
+    /* Acquire AioContext now so any threads operating on old_bs stop */
+    state->aio_context = bdrv_get_aio_context(state->old_bs);
+    aio_context_acquire(state->aio_context);
+
+    if (!bdrv_is_inserted(state->old_bs)) {
+        error_setg(errp, QERR_DEVICE_HAS_NO_MEDIUM, device);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    if (bdrv_op_is_blocked(state->old_bs,
+                           BLOCK_OP_TYPE_EXTERNAL_SNAPSHOT, errp)) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    if (!bdrv_is_read_only(state->old_bs)) {
+        if (bdrv_flush(state->old_bs)) {
+            error_setg(errp, QERR_IO_ERROR);
+            return;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (!bdrv_is_first_non_filter(state->old_bs)) {
+        error_setg(errp, QERR_FEATURE_DISABLED, "snapshot");
+        return;
+    }
+
+    flags = state->old_bs->open_flags;
+
+    /* create new image w/backing file */
+    if (mode != NEW_IMAGE_MODE_EXISTING) {
+        bdrv_img_create(new_image_file, format,
+                        state->old_bs->filename,
+                        state->old_bs->drv->format_name,
+                        NULL, -1, flags, &local_err, false);
+        if (local_err) {
+            error_propagate(errp, local_err);
+            return;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (has_snapshot_node_name) {
+        options = qdict_new();
+        qdict_put(options, "node-name",
+                  qstring_from_str(snapshot_node_name));
+    }
+
+    /* TODO Inherit bs->options or only take explicit options with an
+     * extended QMP command? */
+    assert(state->new_bs == NULL);
+    ret = bdrv_open(&state->new_bs, new_image_file, NULL, options,
+                    flags | BDRV_O_NO_BACKING, drv, &local_err);
+    /* We will manually add the backing_hd field to the bs later */
+    if (ret != 0) {
+        error_propagate(errp, local_err);
+    }
+}
+
+static void external_snapshot_commit(BlkTransactionState *common)
+{
+    ExternalSnapshotState *state =
+                             DO_UPCAST(ExternalSnapshotState, common, common);
+
+    bdrv_set_aio_context(state->new_bs, state->aio_context);
+
+    /* This removes our old bs and adds the new bs */
+    bdrv_append(state->new_bs, state->old_bs);
+    /* We don't need (or want) to use the transactional
+     * bdrv_reopen_multiple() across all the entries at once, because we
+     * don't want to abort all of them if one of them fails the reopen */
+    bdrv_reopen(state->new_bs, state->new_bs->open_flags & ~BDRV_O_RDWR,
+                NULL);
+
+    aio_context_release(state->aio_context);
+}
+
+static void external_snapshot_abort(BlkTransactionState *common)
+{
+    ExternalSnapshotState *state =
+                             DO_UPCAST(ExternalSnapshotState, common, common);
+    if (state->new_bs) {
+        bdrv_unref(state->new_bs);
+    }
+    if (state->aio_context) {
+        aio_context_release(state->aio_context);
+    }
+}
+
+typedef struct DriveBackupState {
+    BlkTransactionState common;
+    BlockDriverState *bs;
+    AioContext *aio_context;
+    BlockJob *job;
+} DriveBackupState;
+
+static void drive_backup_prepare(BlkTransactionState *common, Error **errp)
+{
+    DriveBackupState *state = DO_UPCAST(DriveBackupState, common, common);
+    BlockDriverState *bs;
+    BlockBackend *blk;
+    DriveBackup *backup;
+    Error *local_err = NULL;
+
+    assert(common->action->kind == TRANSACTION_ACTION_KIND_DRIVE_BACKUP);
+    backup = common->action->drive_backup;
+
+    blk = blk_by_name(backup->device);
+    if (!blk) {
+        error_set(errp, ERROR_CLASS_DEVICE_NOT_FOUND,
+                  "Device '%s' not found", backup->device);
+        return;
+    }
+    bs = blk_bs(blk);
+
+    /* AioContext is released in .clean() */
+    state->aio_context = bdrv_get_aio_context(bs);
+    aio_context_acquire(state->aio_context);
+
+    qmp_drive_backup(backup->device, backup->target,
+                     backup->has_format, backup->format,
+                     backup->sync,
+                     backup->has_mode, backup->mode,
+                     backup->has_speed, backup->speed,
+                     backup->has_bitmap, backup->bitmap,
+                     backup->has_on_source_error, backup->on_source_error,
+                     backup->has_on_target_error, backup->on_target_error,
+                     &local_err);
+    if (local_err) {
+        error_propagate(errp, local_err);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    state->bs = bs;
+    state->job = state->bs->job;
+}
+
+static void drive_backup_abort(BlkTransactionState *common)
+{
+    DriveBackupState *state = DO_UPCAST(DriveBackupState, common, common);
+    BlockDriverState *bs = state->bs;
+
+    /* Only cancel if it's the job we started */
+    if (bs && bs->job && bs->job == state->job) {
+        block_job_cancel_sync(bs->job);
+    }
+}
+
+static void drive_backup_clean(BlkTransactionState *common)
+{
+    DriveBackupState *state = DO_UPCAST(DriveBackupState, common, common);
+
+    if (state->aio_context) {
+        aio_context_release(state->aio_context);
+    }
+}
+
+typedef struct BlockdevBackupState {
+    BlkTransactionState common;
+    BlockDriverState *bs;
+    BlockJob *job;
+    AioContext *aio_context;
+} BlockdevBackupState;
+
+static void blockdev_backup_prepare(BlkTransactionState *common, Error **errp)
+{
+    BlockdevBackupState *state = DO_UPCAST(BlockdevBackupState, common, common);
+    BlockdevBackup *backup;
+    BlockDriverState *bs, *target;
+    BlockBackend *blk;
+    Error *local_err = NULL;
+
+    assert(common->action->kind == TRANSACTION_ACTION_KIND_BLOCKDEV_BACKUP);
+    backup = common->action->blockdev_backup;
+
+    blk = blk_by_name(backup->device);
+    if (!blk) {
+        error_setg(errp, "Device '%s' not found", backup->device);
+        return;
+    }
+    bs = blk_bs(blk);
+
+    blk = blk_by_name(backup->target);
+    if (!blk) {
+        error_setg(errp, "Device '%s' not found", backup->target);
+        return;
+    }
+    target = blk_bs(blk);
+
+    /* AioContext is released in .clean() */
+    state->aio_context = bdrv_get_aio_context(bs);
+    if (state->aio_context != bdrv_get_aio_context(target)) {
+        state->aio_context = NULL;
+        error_setg(errp, "Backup between two IO threads is not implemented");
+        return;
+    }
+    aio_context_acquire(state->aio_context);
+
+    qmp_blockdev_backup(backup->device, backup->target,
+                        backup->sync,
+                        backup->has_speed, backup->speed,
+                        backup->has_on_source_error, backup->on_source_error,
+                        backup->has_on_target_error, backup->on_target_error,
+                        &local_err);
+    if (local_err) {
+        error_propagate(errp, local_err);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    state->bs = bs;
+    state->job = state->bs->job;
+}
+
+static void blockdev_backup_abort(BlkTransactionState *common)
+{
+    BlockdevBackupState *state = DO_UPCAST(BlockdevBackupState, common, common);
+    BlockDriverState *bs = state->bs;
+
+    /* Only cancel if it's the job we started */
+    if (bs && bs->job && bs->job == state->job) {
+        block_job_cancel_sync(bs->job);
+    }
+}
+
+static void blockdev_backup_clean(BlkTransactionState *common)
+{
+    BlockdevBackupState *state = DO_UPCAST(BlockdevBackupState, common, common);
+
+    if (state->aio_context) {
+        aio_context_release(state->aio_context);
+    }
+}
+
+static void abort_prepare(BlkTransactionState *common, Error **errp)
+{
+    error_setg(errp, "Transaction aborted using Abort action");
+}
+
+static void abort_commit(BlkTransactionState *common)
+{
+    g_assert_not_reached(); /* this action never succeeds */
+}
+
+static const BdrvActionOps actions[] = {
+    [TRANSACTION_ACTION_KIND_BLOCKDEV_SNAPSHOT_SYNC] = {
+        .instance_size = sizeof(ExternalSnapshotState),
+        .prepare  = external_snapshot_prepare,
+        .commit   = external_snapshot_commit,
+        .abort = external_snapshot_abort,
+    },
+    [TRANSACTION_ACTION_KIND_DRIVE_BACKUP] = {
+        .instance_size = sizeof(DriveBackupState),
+        .prepare = drive_backup_prepare,
+        .abort = drive_backup_abort,
+        .clean = drive_backup_clean,
+    },
+    [TRANSACTION_ACTION_KIND_BLOCKDEV_BACKUP] = {
+        .instance_size = sizeof(BlockdevBackupState),
+        .prepare = blockdev_backup_prepare,
+        .abort = blockdev_backup_abort,
+        .clean = blockdev_backup_clean,
+    },
+    [TRANSACTION_ACTION_KIND_ABORT] = {
+        .instance_size = sizeof(BlkTransactionState),
+        .prepare = abort_prepare,
+        .commit = abort_commit,
+    },
+    [TRANSACTION_ACTION_KIND_BLOCKDEV_SNAPSHOT_INTERNAL_SYNC] = {
+        .instance_size = sizeof(InternalSnapshotState),
+        .prepare  = internal_snapshot_prepare,
+        .abort = internal_snapshot_abort,
+        .clean = internal_snapshot_clean,
+    },
+};
+
+/*
+ * 'Atomic' group operations.  The operations are performed as a set, and if
+ * any fail then we roll back all operations in the group.
+ */
+void qmp_transaction(TransactionActionList *dev_list, Error **errp)
+{
+    TransactionActionList *dev_entry = dev_list;
+    BlkTransactionState *state, *next;
+    Error *local_err = NULL;
+
+    QSIMPLEQ_HEAD(snap_bdrv_states, BlkTransactionState) snap_bdrv_states;
+    QSIMPLEQ_INIT(&snap_bdrv_states);
+
+    /* drain all i/o before any operations */
+    bdrv_drain_all();
+
+    /* We don't do anything in this loop that commits us to the operations */
+    while (NULL != dev_entry) {
+        TransactionAction *dev_info = NULL;
+        const BdrvActionOps *ops;
+
+        dev_info = dev_entry->value;
+        dev_entry = dev_entry->next;
+
+        assert(dev_info->kind < ARRAY_SIZE(actions));
+
+        ops = &actions[dev_info->kind];
+        assert(ops->instance_size > 0);
+
+        state = g_malloc0(ops->instance_size);
+        state->ops = ops;
+        state->action = dev_info;
+        QSIMPLEQ_INSERT_TAIL(&snap_bdrv_states, state, entry);
+
+        state->ops->prepare(state, &local_err);
+        if (local_err) {
+            error_propagate(errp, local_err);
+            goto delete_and_fail;
+        }
+    }
+
+    QSIMPLEQ_FOREACH(state, &snap_bdrv_states, entry) {
+        if (state->ops->commit) {
+            state->ops->commit(state);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /* success */
+    goto exit;
+
+delete_and_fail:
+    /* failure, and it is all-or-none; roll back all operations */
+    QSIMPLEQ_FOREACH(state, &snap_bdrv_states, entry) {
+        if (state->ops->abort) {
+            state->ops->abort(state);
+        }
+    }
+exit:
+    QSIMPLEQ_FOREACH_SAFE(state, &snap_bdrv_states, entry, next) {
+        if (state->ops->clean) {
+            state->ops->clean(state);
+        }
+        g_free(state);
+    }
+}
+
+
+static void eject_device(BlockBackend *blk, int force, Error **errp)
+{
+    BlockDriverState *bs = blk_bs(blk);
+    AioContext *aio_context;
+
+    aio_context = bdrv_get_aio_context(bs);
+    aio_context_acquire(aio_context);
+
+    if (bdrv_op_is_blocked(bs, BLOCK_OP_TYPE_EJECT, errp)) {
+        goto out;
+    }
+    if (!blk_dev_has_removable_media(blk)) {
+        error_setg(errp, "Device '%s' is not removable",
+                   bdrv_get_device_name(bs));
+        goto out;
+    }
+
+    if (blk_dev_is_medium_locked(blk) && !blk_dev_is_tray_open(blk)) {
+        blk_dev_eject_request(blk, force);
+        if (!force) {
+            error_setg(errp, "Device '%s' is locked",
+                       bdrv_get_device_name(bs));
+            goto out;
+        }
+    }
+
+    bdrv_close(bs);
+
+out:
+    aio_context_release(aio_context);
+}
+
+void qmp_eject(const char *device, bool has_force, bool force, Error **errp)
+{
+    BlockBackend *blk;
+
+    blk = blk_by_name(device);
+    if (!blk) {
+        error_set(errp, ERROR_CLASS_DEVICE_NOT_FOUND,
+                  "Device '%s' not found", device);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    eject_device(blk, force, errp);
+}
+
+void qmp_block_passwd(bool has_device, const char *device,
+                      bool has_node_name, const char *node_name,
+                      const char *password, Error **errp)
+{
+    Error *local_err = NULL;
+    BlockDriverState *bs;
+    AioContext *aio_context;
+
+    bs = bdrv_lookup_bs(has_device ? device : NULL,
+                        has_node_name ? node_name : NULL,
+                        &local_err);
+    if (local_err) {
+        error_propagate(errp, local_err);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    aio_context = bdrv_get_aio_context(bs);
+    aio_context_acquire(aio_context);
+
+    bdrv_add_key(bs, password, errp);
+
+    aio_context_release(aio_context);
+}
+
+/* Assumes AioContext is held */
+static void qmp_bdrv_open_encrypted(BlockDriverState *bs, const char *filename,
+                                    int bdrv_flags, BlockDriver *drv,
+                                    const char *password, Error **errp)
+{
+    Error *local_err = NULL;
+    int ret;
+
+    ret = bdrv_open(&bs, filename, NULL, NULL, bdrv_flags, drv, &local_err);
+    if (ret < 0) {
+        error_propagate(errp, local_err);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    bdrv_add_key(bs, password, errp);
+}
+
+void qmp_change_blockdev(const char *device, const char *filename,
+                         const char *format, Error **errp)
+{
+    BlockBackend *blk;
+    BlockDriverState *bs;
+    AioContext *aio_context;
+    BlockDriver *drv = NULL;
+    int bdrv_flags;
+    Error *err = NULL;
+
+    blk = blk_by_name(device);
+    if (!blk) {
+        error_set(errp, ERROR_CLASS_DEVICE_NOT_FOUND,
+                  "Device '%s' not found", device);
+        return;
+    }
+    bs = blk_bs(blk);
+
+    aio_context = bdrv_get_aio_context(bs);
+    aio_context_acquire(aio_context);
+
+    if (format) {
+        drv = bdrv_find_whitelisted_format(format, bs->read_only);
+        if (!drv) {
+            error_setg(errp, QERR_INVALID_BLOCK_FORMAT, format);
+            goto out;
+        }
+    }
+
+    eject_device(blk, 0, &err);
+    if (err) {
+        error_propagate(errp, err);
+        goto out;
+    }
+
+    bdrv_flags = bdrv_is_read_only(bs) ? 0 : BDRV_O_RDWR;
+    bdrv_flags |= bdrv_is_snapshot(bs) ? BDRV_O_SNAPSHOT : 0;
+
+    qmp_bdrv_open_encrypted(bs, filename, bdrv_flags, drv, NULL, errp);
+
+out:
+    aio_context_release(aio_context);
+}
+
+/* throttling disk I/O limits */
+void qmp_block_set_io_throttle(const char *device, int64_t bps, int64_t bps_rd,
+                               int64_t bps_wr,
+                               int64_t iops,
+                               int64_t iops_rd,
+                               int64_t iops_wr,
+                               bool has_bps_max,
+                               int64_t bps_max,
+                               bool has_bps_rd_max,
+                               int64_t bps_rd_max,
+                               bool has_bps_wr_max,
+                               int64_t bps_wr_max,
+                               bool has_iops_max,
+                               int64_t iops_max,
+                               bool has_iops_rd_max,
+                               int64_t iops_rd_max,
+                               bool has_iops_wr_max,
+                               int64_t iops_wr_max,
+                               bool has_iops_size,
+                               int64_t iops_size,
+                               bool has_group,
+                               const char *group, Error **errp)
+{
+    ThrottleConfig cfg;
+    BlockDriverState *bs;
+    BlockBackend *blk;
+    AioContext *aio_context;
+
+    blk = blk_by_name(device);
+    if (!blk) {
+        error_set(errp, ERROR_CLASS_DEVICE_NOT_FOUND,
+                  "Device '%s' not found", device);
+        return;
+    }
+    bs = blk_bs(blk);
+
+    memset(&cfg, 0, sizeof(cfg));
+    cfg.buckets[THROTTLE_BPS_TOTAL].avg = bps;
+    cfg.buckets[THROTTLE_BPS_READ].avg  = bps_rd;
+    cfg.buckets[THROTTLE_BPS_WRITE].avg = bps_wr;
+
+    cfg.buckets[THROTTLE_OPS_TOTAL].avg = iops;
+    cfg.buckets[THROTTLE_OPS_READ].avg  = iops_rd;
+    cfg.buckets[THROTTLE_OPS_WRITE].avg = iops_wr;
+
+    if (has_bps_max) {
+        cfg.buckets[THROTTLE_BPS_TOTAL].max = bps_max;
+    }
+    if (has_bps_rd_max) {
+        cfg.buckets[THROTTLE_BPS_READ].max = bps_rd_max;
+    }
+    if (has_bps_wr_max) {
+        cfg.buckets[THROTTLE_BPS_WRITE].max = bps_wr_max;
+    }
+    if (has_iops_max) {
+        cfg.buckets[THROTTLE_OPS_TOTAL].max = iops_max;
+    }
+    if (has_iops_rd_max) {
+        cfg.buckets[THROTTLE_OPS_READ].max = iops_rd_max;
+    }
+    if (has_iops_wr_max) {
+        cfg.buckets[THROTTLE_OPS_WRITE].max = iops_wr_max;
+    }
+
+    if (has_iops_size) {
+        cfg.op_size = iops_size;
+    }
+
+    if (!check_throttle_config(&cfg, errp)) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    aio_context = bdrv_get_aio_context(bs);
+    aio_context_acquire(aio_context);
+
+    if (throttle_enabled(&cfg)) {
+        /* Enable I/O limits if they're not enabled yet, otherwise
+         * just update the throttling group. */
+        if (!bs->io_limits_enabled) {
+            bdrv_io_limits_enable(bs, has_group ? group : device);
+        } else if (has_group) {
+            bdrv_io_limits_update_group(bs, group);
+        }
+        /* Set the new throttling configuration */
+        bdrv_set_io_limits(bs, &cfg);
+    } else if (bs->io_limits_enabled) {
+        /* If all throttling settings are set to 0, disable I/O limits */
+        bdrv_io_limits_disable(bs);
+    }
+
+    aio_context_release(aio_context);
+}
+
+void qmp_block_dirty_bitmap_add(const char *node, const char *name,
+                                bool has_granularity, uint32_t granularity,
+                                Error **errp)
+{
+    AioContext *aio_context;
+    BlockDriverState *bs;
+
+    if (!name || name[0] == '\0') {
+        error_setg(errp, "Bitmap name cannot be empty");
+        return;
+    }
+
+    bs = bdrv_lookup_bs(node, node, errp);
+    if (!bs) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    aio_context = bdrv_get_aio_context(bs);
+    aio_context_acquire(aio_context);
+
+    if (has_granularity) {
+        if (granularity < 512 || !is_power_of_2(granularity)) {
+            error_setg(errp, "Granularity must be power of 2 "
+                             "and at least 512");
+            goto out;
+        }
+    } else {
+        /* Default to cluster size, if available: */
+        granularity = bdrv_get_default_bitmap_granularity(bs);
+    }
+
+    bdrv_create_dirty_bitmap(bs, granularity, name, errp);
+
+ out:
+    aio_context_release(aio_context);
+}
+
+void qmp_block_dirty_bitmap_remove(const char *node, const char *name,
+                                   Error **errp)
+{
+    AioContext *aio_context;
+    BlockDriverState *bs;
+    BdrvDirtyBitmap *bitmap;
+
+    bitmap = block_dirty_bitmap_lookup(node, name, &bs, &aio_context, errp);
+    if (!bitmap || !bs) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    if (bdrv_dirty_bitmap_frozen(bitmap)) {
+        error_setg(errp,
+                   "Bitmap '%s' is currently frozen and cannot be removed",
+                   name);
+        goto out;
+    }
+    bdrv_dirty_bitmap_make_anon(bitmap);
+    bdrv_release_dirty_bitmap(bs, bitmap);
+
+ out:
+    aio_context_release(aio_context);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Completely clear a bitmap, for the purposes of synchronizing a bitmap
+ * immediately after a full backup operation.
+ */
+void qmp_block_dirty_bitmap_clear(const char *node, const char *name,
+                                  Error **errp)
+{
+    AioContext *aio_context;
+    BdrvDirtyBitmap *bitmap;
+    BlockDriverState *bs;
+
+    bitmap = block_dirty_bitmap_lookup(node, name, &bs, &aio_context, errp);
+    if (!bitmap || !bs) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    if (bdrv_dirty_bitmap_frozen(bitmap)) {
+        error_setg(errp,
+                   "Bitmap '%s' is currently frozen and cannot be modified",
+                   name);
+        goto out;
+    } else if (!bdrv_dirty_bitmap_enabled(bitmap)) {
+        error_setg(errp,
+                   "Bitmap '%s' is currently disabled and cannot be cleared",
+                   name);
+        goto out;
+    }
+
+    bdrv_clear_dirty_bitmap(bitmap);
+
+ out:
+    aio_context_release(aio_context);
+}
+
+void hmp_drive_del(Monitor *mon, const QDict *qdict)
+{
+    const char *id = qdict_get_str(qdict, "id");
+    BlockBackend *blk;
+    BlockDriverState *bs;
+    AioContext *aio_context;
+    Error *local_err = NULL;
+
+    blk = blk_by_name(id);
+    if (!blk) {
+        error_report("Device '%s' not found", id);
+        return;
+    }
+    bs = blk_bs(blk);
+
+    if (!blk_legacy_dinfo(blk)) {
+        error_report("Deleting device added with blockdev-add"
+                     " is not supported");
+        return;
+    }
+
+    aio_context = bdrv_get_aio_context(bs);
+    aio_context_acquire(aio_context);
+
+    if (bdrv_op_is_blocked(bs, BLOCK_OP_TYPE_DRIVE_DEL, &local_err)) {
+        error_report_err(local_err);
+        aio_context_release(aio_context);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    bdrv_close(bs);
+
+    /* if we have a device attached to this BlockDriverState
+     * then we need to make the drive anonymous until the device
+     * can be removed.  If this is a drive with no device backing
+     * then we can just get rid of the block driver state right here.
+     */
+    if (blk_get_attached_dev(blk)) {
+        blk_hide_on_behalf_of_hmp_drive_del(blk);
+        /* Further I/O must not pause the guest */
+        bdrv_set_on_error(bs, BLOCKDEV_ON_ERROR_REPORT,
+                          BLOCKDEV_ON_ERROR_REPORT);
+    } else {
+        blk_unref(blk);
+    }
+
+    aio_context_release(aio_context);
+}
+
+void qmp_block_resize(bool has_device, const char *device,
+                      bool has_node_name, const char *node_name,
+                      int64_t size, Error **errp)
+{
+    Error *local_err = NULL;
+    BlockDriverState *bs;
+    AioContext *aio_context;
+    int ret;
+
+    bs = bdrv_lookup_bs(has_device ? device : NULL,
+                        has_node_name ? node_name : NULL,
+                        &local_err);
+    if (local_err) {
+        error_propagate(errp, local_err);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    aio_context = bdrv_get_aio_context(bs);
+    aio_context_acquire(aio_context);
+
+    if (!bdrv_is_first_non_filter(bs)) {
+        error_setg(errp, QERR_FEATURE_DISABLED, "resize");
+        goto out;
+    }
+
+    if (size < 0) {
+        error_setg(errp, QERR_INVALID_PARAMETER_VALUE, "size", "a >0 size");
+        goto out;
+    }
+
+    if (bdrv_op_is_blocked(bs, BLOCK_OP_TYPE_RESIZE, NULL)) {
+        error_setg(errp, QERR_DEVICE_IN_USE, device);
+        goto out;
+    }
+
+    /* complete all in-flight operations before resizing the device */
+    bdrv_drain_all();
+
+    ret = bdrv_truncate(bs, size);
+    switch (ret) {
+    case 0:
+        break;
+    case -ENOMEDIUM:
+        error_setg(errp, QERR_DEVICE_HAS_NO_MEDIUM, device);
+        break;
+    case -ENOTSUP:
+        error_setg(errp, QERR_UNSUPPORTED);
+        break;
+    case -EACCES:
+        error_setg(errp, "Device '%s' is read only", device);
+        break;
+    case -EBUSY:
+        error_setg(errp, QERR_DEVICE_IN_USE, device);
+        break;
+    default:
+        error_setg_errno(errp, -ret, "Could not resize");
+        break;
+    }
+
+out:
+    aio_context_release(aio_context);
+}
+
+static void block_job_cb(void *opaque, int ret)
+{
+    /* Note that this function may be executed from another AioContext besides
+     * the QEMU main loop.  If you need to access anything that assumes the
+     * QEMU global mutex, use a BH or introduce a mutex.
+     */
+
+    BlockDriverState *bs = opaque;
+    const char *msg = NULL;
+
+    trace_block_job_cb(bs, bs->job, ret);
+
+    assert(bs->job);
+
+    if (ret < 0) {
+        msg = strerror(-ret);
+    }
+
+    if (block_job_is_cancelled(bs->job)) {
+        block_job_event_cancelled(bs->job);
+    } else {
+        block_job_event_completed(bs->job, msg);
+    }
+
+    bdrv_put_ref_bh_schedule(bs);
+}
+
+void qmp_block_stream(const char *device,
+                      bool has_base, const char *base,
+                      bool has_backing_file, const char *backing_file,
+                      bool has_speed, int64_t speed,
+                      bool has_on_error, BlockdevOnError on_error,
+                      Error **errp)
+{
+    BlockBackend *blk;
+    BlockDriverState *bs;
+    BlockDriverState *base_bs = NULL;
+    AioContext *aio_context;
+    Error *local_err = NULL;
+    const char *base_name = NULL;
+
+    if (!has_on_error) {
+        on_error = BLOCKDEV_ON_ERROR_REPORT;
+    }
+
+    blk = blk_by_name(device);
+    if (!blk) {
+        error_set(errp, ERROR_CLASS_DEVICE_NOT_FOUND,
+                  "Device '%s' not found", device);
+        return;
+    }
+    bs = blk_bs(blk);
+
+    aio_context = bdrv_get_aio_context(bs);
+    aio_context_acquire(aio_context);
+
+    if (bdrv_op_is_blocked(bs, BLOCK_OP_TYPE_STREAM, errp)) {
+        goto out;
+    }
+
+    if (has_base) {
+        base_bs = bdrv_find_backing_image(bs, base);
+        if (base_bs == NULL) {
+            error_setg(errp, QERR_BASE_NOT_FOUND, base);
+            goto out;
+        }
+        assert(bdrv_get_aio_context(base_bs) == aio_context);
+        base_name = base;
+    }
+
+    /* if we are streaming the entire chain, the result will have no backing
+     * file, and specifying one is therefore an error */
+    if (base_bs == NULL && has_backing_file) {
+        error_setg(errp, "backing file specified, but streaming the "
+                         "entire chain");
+        goto out;
+    }
+
+    /* backing_file string overrides base bs filename */
+    base_name = has_backing_file ? backing_file : base_name;
+
+    stream_start(bs, base_bs, base_name, has_speed ? speed : 0,
+                 on_error, block_job_cb, bs, &local_err);
+    if (local_err) {
+        error_propagate(errp, local_err);
+        goto out;
+    }
+
+    trace_qmp_block_stream(bs, bs->job);
+
+out:
+    aio_context_release(aio_context);
+}
+
+void qmp_block_commit(const char *device,
+                      bool has_base, const char *base,
+                      bool has_top, const char *top,
+                      bool has_backing_file, const char *backing_file,
+                      bool has_speed, int64_t speed,
+                      Error **errp)
+{
+    BlockBackend *blk;
+    BlockDriverState *bs;
+    BlockDriverState *base_bs, *top_bs;
+    AioContext *aio_context;
+    Error *local_err = NULL;
+    /* This will be part of the QMP command, if/when the
+     * BlockdevOnError change for blkmirror makes it in
+     */
+    BlockdevOnError on_error = BLOCKDEV_ON_ERROR_REPORT;
+
+    if (!has_speed) {
+        speed = 0;
+    }
+
+    /* Important Note:
+     *  libvirt relies on the DeviceNotFound error class in order to probe for
+     *  live commit feature versions; for this to work, we must make sure to
+     *  perform the device lookup before any generic errors that may occur in a
+     *  scenario in which all optional arguments are omitted. */
+    blk = blk_by_name(device);
+    if (!blk) {
+        error_set(errp, ERROR_CLASS_DEVICE_NOT_FOUND,
+                  "Device '%s' not found", device);
+        return;
+    }
+    bs = blk_bs(blk);
+
+    aio_context = bdrv_get_aio_context(bs);
+    aio_context_acquire(aio_context);
+
+    if (bdrv_op_is_blocked(bs, BLOCK_OP_TYPE_COMMIT_SOURCE, errp)) {
+        goto out;
+    }
+
+    /* default top_bs is the active layer */
+    top_bs = bs;
+
+    if (has_top && top) {
+        if (strcmp(bs->filename, top) != 0) {
+            top_bs = bdrv_find_backing_image(bs, top);
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (top_bs == NULL) {
+        error_setg(errp, "Top image file %s not found", top ? top : "NULL");
+        goto out;
+    }
+
+    assert(bdrv_get_aio_context(top_bs) == aio_context);
+
+    if (has_base && base) {
+        base_bs = bdrv_find_backing_image(top_bs, base);
+    } else {
+        base_bs = bdrv_find_base(top_bs);
+    }
+
+    if (base_bs == NULL) {
+        error_setg(errp, QERR_BASE_NOT_FOUND, base ? base : "NULL");
+        goto out;
+    }
+
+    assert(bdrv_get_aio_context(base_bs) == aio_context);
+
+    if (bdrv_op_is_blocked(base_bs, BLOCK_OP_TYPE_COMMIT_TARGET, errp)) {
+        goto out;
+    }
+
+    /* Do not allow attempts to commit an image into itself */
+    if (top_bs == base_bs) {
+        error_setg(errp, "cannot commit an image into itself");
+        goto out;
+    }
+
+    if (top_bs == bs) {
+        if (has_backing_file) {
+            error_setg(errp, "'backing-file' specified,"
+                             " but 'top' is the active layer");
+            goto out;
+        }
+        commit_active_start(bs, base_bs, speed, on_error, block_job_cb,
+                            bs, &local_err);
+    } else {
+        commit_start(bs, base_bs, top_bs, speed, on_error, block_job_cb, bs,
+                     has_backing_file ? backing_file : NULL, &local_err);
+    }
+    if (local_err != NULL) {
+        error_propagate(errp, local_err);
+        goto out;
+    }
+
+out:
+    aio_context_release(aio_context);
+}
+
+void qmp_drive_backup(const char *device, const char *target,
+                      bool has_format, const char *format,
+                      enum MirrorSyncMode sync,
+                      bool has_mode, enum NewImageMode mode,
+                      bool has_speed, int64_t speed,
+                      bool has_bitmap, const char *bitmap,
+                      bool has_on_source_error, BlockdevOnError on_source_error,
+                      bool has_on_target_error, BlockdevOnError on_target_error,
+                      Error **errp)
+{
+    BlockBackend *blk;
+    BlockDriverState *bs;
+    BlockDriverState *target_bs;
+    BlockDriverState *source = NULL;
+    BdrvDirtyBitmap *bmap = NULL;
+    AioContext *aio_context;
+    BlockDriver *drv = NULL;
+    Error *local_err = NULL;
+    int flags;
+    int64_t size;
+    int ret;
+
+    if (!has_speed) {
+        speed = 0;
+    }
+    if (!has_on_source_error) {
+        on_source_error = BLOCKDEV_ON_ERROR_REPORT;
+    }
+    if (!has_on_target_error) {
+        on_target_error = BLOCKDEV_ON_ERROR_REPORT;
+    }
+    if (!has_mode) {
+        mode = NEW_IMAGE_MODE_ABSOLUTE_PATHS;
+    }
+
+    blk = blk_by_name(device);
+    if (!blk) {
+        error_set(errp, ERROR_CLASS_DEVICE_NOT_FOUND,
+                  "Device '%s' not found", device);
+        return;
+    }
+    bs = blk_bs(blk);
+
+    aio_context = bdrv_get_aio_context(bs);
+    aio_context_acquire(aio_context);
+
+    /* Although backup_run has this check too, we need to use bs->drv below, so
+     * do an early check redundantly. */
+    if (!bdrv_is_inserted(bs)) {
+        error_setg(errp, QERR_DEVICE_HAS_NO_MEDIUM, device);
+        goto out;
+    }
+
+    if (!has_format) {
+        format = mode == NEW_IMAGE_MODE_EXISTING ? NULL : bs->drv->format_name;
+    }
+    if (format) {
+        drv = bdrv_find_format(format);
+        if (!drv) {
+            error_setg(errp, QERR_INVALID_BLOCK_FORMAT, format);
+            goto out;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /* Early check to avoid creating target */
+    if (bdrv_op_is_blocked(bs, BLOCK_OP_TYPE_BACKUP_SOURCE, errp)) {
+        goto out;
+    }
+
+    flags = bs->open_flags | BDRV_O_RDWR;
+
+    /* See if we have a backing HD we can use to create our new image
+     * on top of. */
+    if (sync == MIRROR_SYNC_MODE_TOP) {
+        source = bs->backing_hd;
+        if (!source) {
+            sync = MIRROR_SYNC_MODE_FULL;
+        }
+    }
+    if (sync == MIRROR_SYNC_MODE_NONE) {
+        source = bs;
+    }
+
+    size = bdrv_getlength(bs);
+    if (size < 0) {
+        error_setg_errno(errp, -size, "bdrv_getlength failed");
+        goto out;
+    }
+
+    if (mode != NEW_IMAGE_MODE_EXISTING) {
+        assert(format && drv);
+        if (source) {
+            bdrv_img_create(target, format, source->filename,
+                            source->drv->format_name, NULL,
+                            size, flags, &local_err, false);
+        } else {
+            bdrv_img_create(target, format, NULL, NULL, NULL,
+                            size, flags, &local_err, false);
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (local_err) {
+        error_propagate(errp, local_err);
+        goto out;
+    }
+
+    target_bs = NULL;
+    ret = bdrv_open(&target_bs, target, NULL, NULL, flags, drv, &local_err);
+    if (ret < 0) {
+        error_propagate(errp, local_err);
+        goto out;
+    }
+
+    bdrv_set_aio_context(target_bs, aio_context);
+
+    if (has_bitmap) {
+        bmap = bdrv_find_dirty_bitmap(bs, bitmap);
+        if (!bmap) {
+            error_setg(errp, "Bitmap '%s' could not be found", bitmap);
+            goto out;
+        }
+    }
+
+    backup_start(bs, target_bs, speed, sync, bmap,
+                 on_source_error, on_target_error,
+                 block_job_cb, bs, &local_err);
+    if (local_err != NULL) {
+        bdrv_unref(target_bs);
+        error_propagate(errp, local_err);
+        goto out;
+    }
+
+out:
+    aio_context_release(aio_context);
+}
+
+BlockDeviceInfoList *qmp_query_named_block_nodes(Error **errp)
+{
+    return bdrv_named_nodes_list(errp);
+}
+
+void qmp_blockdev_backup(const char *device, const char *target,
+                         enum MirrorSyncMode sync,
+                         bool has_speed, int64_t speed,
+                         bool has_on_source_error,
+                         BlockdevOnError on_source_error,
+                         bool has_on_target_error,
+                         BlockdevOnError on_target_error,
+                         Error **errp)
+{
+    BlockBackend *blk;
+    BlockDriverState *bs;
+    BlockDriverState *target_bs;
+    Error *local_err = NULL;
+    AioContext *aio_context;
+
+    if (!has_speed) {
+        speed = 0;
+    }
+    if (!has_on_source_error) {
+        on_source_error = BLOCKDEV_ON_ERROR_REPORT;
+    }
+    if (!has_on_target_error) {
+        on_target_error = BLOCKDEV_ON_ERROR_REPORT;
+    }
+
+    blk = blk_by_name(device);
+    if (!blk) {
+        error_setg(errp, "Device '%s' not found", device);
+        return;
+    }
+    bs = blk_bs(blk);
+
+    aio_context = bdrv_get_aio_context(bs);
+    aio_context_acquire(aio_context);
+
+    blk = blk_by_name(target);
+    if (!blk) {
+        error_setg(errp, "Device '%s' not found", target);
+        goto out;
+    }
+    target_bs = blk_bs(blk);
+
+    bdrv_ref(target_bs);
+    bdrv_set_aio_context(target_bs, aio_context);
+    backup_start(bs, target_bs, speed, sync, NULL, on_source_error,
+                 on_target_error, block_job_cb, bs, &local_err);
+    if (local_err != NULL) {
+        bdrv_unref(target_bs);
+        error_propagate(errp, local_err);
+    }
+out:
+    aio_context_release(aio_context);
+}
+
+void qmp_drive_mirror(const char *device, const char *target,
+                      bool has_format, const char *format,
+                      bool has_node_name, const char *node_name,
+                      bool has_replaces, const char *replaces,
+                      enum MirrorSyncMode sync,
+                      bool has_mode, enum NewImageMode mode,
+                      bool has_speed, int64_t speed,
+                      bool has_granularity, uint32_t granularity,
+                      bool has_buf_size, int64_t buf_size,
+                      bool has_on_source_error, BlockdevOnError on_source_error,
+                      bool has_on_target_error, BlockdevOnError on_target_error,
+                      bool has_unmap, bool unmap,
+                      Error **errp)
+{
+    BlockBackend *blk;
+    BlockDriverState *bs;
+    BlockDriverState *source, *target_bs;
+    AioContext *aio_context;
+    BlockDriver *drv = NULL;
+    Error *local_err = NULL;
+    QDict *options = NULL;
+    int flags;
+    int64_t size;
+    int ret;
+
+    if (!has_speed) {
+        speed = 0;
+    }
+    if (!has_on_source_error) {
+        on_source_error = BLOCKDEV_ON_ERROR_REPORT;
+    }
+    if (!has_on_target_error) {
+        on_target_error = BLOCKDEV_ON_ERROR_REPORT;
+    }
+    if (!has_mode) {
+        mode = NEW_IMAGE_MODE_ABSOLUTE_PATHS;
+    }
+    if (!has_granularity) {
+        granularity = 0;
+    }
+    if (!has_buf_size) {
+        buf_size = 0;
+    }
+    if (!has_unmap) {
+        unmap = true;
+    }
+
+    if (granularity != 0 && (granularity < 512 || granularity > 1048576 * 64)) {
+        error_setg(errp, QERR_INVALID_PARAMETER_VALUE, "granularity",
+                   "a value in range [512B, 64MB]");
+        return;
+    }
+    if (granularity & (granularity - 1)) {
+        error_setg(errp, QERR_INVALID_PARAMETER_VALUE, "granularity",
+                   "power of 2");
+        return;
+    }
+
+    blk = blk_by_name(device);
+    if (!blk) {
+        error_set(errp, ERROR_CLASS_DEVICE_NOT_FOUND,
+                  "Device '%s' not found", device);
+        return;
+    }
+    bs = blk_bs(blk);
+
+    aio_context = bdrv_get_aio_context(bs);
+    aio_context_acquire(aio_context);
+
+    if (!bdrv_is_inserted(bs)) {
+        error_setg(errp, QERR_DEVICE_HAS_NO_MEDIUM, device);
+        goto out;
+    }
+
+    if (!has_format) {
+        format = mode == NEW_IMAGE_MODE_EXISTING ? NULL : bs->drv->format_name;
+    }
+    if (format) {
+        drv = bdrv_find_format(format);
+        if (!drv) {
+            error_setg(errp, QERR_INVALID_BLOCK_FORMAT, format);
+            goto out;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (bdrv_op_is_blocked(bs, BLOCK_OP_TYPE_MIRROR, errp)) {
+        goto out;
+    }
+
+    flags = bs->open_flags | BDRV_O_RDWR;
+    source = bs->backing_hd;
+    if (!source && sync == MIRROR_SYNC_MODE_TOP) {
+        sync = MIRROR_SYNC_MODE_FULL;
+    }
+    if (sync == MIRROR_SYNC_MODE_NONE) {
+        source = bs;
+    }
+
+    size = bdrv_getlength(bs);
+    if (size < 0) {
+        error_setg_errno(errp, -size, "bdrv_getlength failed");
+        goto out;
+    }
+
+    if (has_replaces) {
+        BlockDriverState *to_replace_bs;
+        AioContext *replace_aio_context;
+        int64_t replace_size;
+
+        if (!has_node_name) {
+            error_setg(errp, "a node-name must be provided when replacing a"
+                             " named node of the graph");
+            goto out;
+        }
+
+        to_replace_bs = check_to_replace_node(replaces, &local_err);
+
+        if (!to_replace_bs) {
+            error_propagate(errp, local_err);
+            goto out;
+        }
+
+        replace_aio_context = bdrv_get_aio_context(to_replace_bs);
+        aio_context_acquire(replace_aio_context);
+        replace_size = bdrv_getlength(to_replace_bs);
+        aio_context_release(replace_aio_context);
+
+        if (size != replace_size) {
+            error_setg(errp, "cannot replace image with a mirror image of "
+                             "different size");
+            goto out;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if ((sync == MIRROR_SYNC_MODE_FULL || !source)
+        && mode != NEW_IMAGE_MODE_EXISTING)
+    {
+        /* create new image w/o backing file */
+        assert(format && drv);
+        bdrv_img_create(target, format,
+                        NULL, NULL, NULL, size, flags, &local_err, false);
+    } else {
+        switch (mode) {
+        case NEW_IMAGE_MODE_EXISTING:
+            break;
+        case NEW_IMAGE_MODE_ABSOLUTE_PATHS:
+            /* create new image with backing file */
+            bdrv_img_create(target, format,
+                            source->filename,
+                            source->drv->format_name,
+                            NULL, size, flags, &local_err, false);
+            break;
+        default:
+            abort();
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (local_err) {
+        error_propagate(errp, local_err);
+        goto out;
+    }
+
+    if (has_node_name) {
+        options = qdict_new();
+        qdict_put(options, "node-name", qstring_from_str(node_name));
+    }
+
+    /* Mirroring takes care of copy-on-write using the source's backing
+     * file.
+     */
+    target_bs = NULL;
+    ret = bdrv_open(&target_bs, target, NULL, options,
+                    flags | BDRV_O_NO_BACKING, drv, &local_err);
+    if (ret < 0) {
+        error_propagate(errp, local_err);
+        goto out;
+    }
+
+    bdrv_set_aio_context(target_bs, aio_context);
+
+    /* pass the node name to replace to mirror start since it's loose coupling
+     * and will allow to check whether the node still exist at mirror completion
+     */
+    mirror_start(bs, target_bs,
+                 has_replaces ? replaces : NULL,
+                 speed, granularity, buf_size, sync,
+                 on_source_error, on_target_error,
+                 unmap,
+                 block_job_cb, bs, &local_err);
+    if (local_err != NULL) {
+        bdrv_unref(target_bs);
+        error_propagate(errp, local_err);
+        goto out;
+    }
+
+out:
+    aio_context_release(aio_context);
+}
+
+/* Get the block job for a given device name and acquire its AioContext */
+static BlockJob *find_block_job(const char *device, AioContext **aio_context,
+                                Error **errp)
+{
+    BlockBackend *blk;
+    BlockDriverState *bs;
+
+    blk = blk_by_name(device);
+    if (!blk) {
+        goto notfound;
+    }
+    bs = blk_bs(blk);
+
+    *aio_context = bdrv_get_aio_context(bs);
+    aio_context_acquire(*aio_context);
+
+    if (!bs->job) {
+        aio_context_release(*aio_context);
+        goto notfound;
+    }
+
+    return bs->job;
+
+notfound:
+    error_set(errp, ERROR_CLASS_DEVICE_NOT_ACTIVE,
+              "No active block job on device '%s'", device);
+    *aio_context = NULL;
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+void qmp_block_job_set_speed(const char *device, int64_t speed, Error **errp)
+{
+    AioContext *aio_context;
+    BlockJob *job = find_block_job(device, &aio_context, errp);
+
+    if (!job) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    block_job_set_speed(job, speed, errp);
+    aio_context_release(aio_context);
+}
+
+void qmp_block_job_cancel(const char *device,
+                          bool has_force, bool force, Error **errp)
+{
+    AioContext *aio_context;
+    BlockJob *job = find_block_job(device, &aio_context, errp);
+
+    if (!job) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    if (!has_force) {
+        force = false;
+    }
+
+    if (job->user_paused && !force) {
+        error_setg(errp, "The block job for device '%s' is currently paused",
+                   device);
+        goto out;
+    }
+
+    trace_qmp_block_job_cancel(job);
+    block_job_cancel(job);
+out:
+    aio_context_release(aio_context);
+}
+
+void qmp_block_job_pause(const char *device, Error **errp)
+{
+    AioContext *aio_context;
+    BlockJob *job = find_block_job(device, &aio_context, errp);
+
+    if (!job || job->user_paused) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    job->user_paused = true;
+    trace_qmp_block_job_pause(job);
+    block_job_pause(job);
+    aio_context_release(aio_context);
+}
+
+void qmp_block_job_resume(const char *device, Error **errp)
+{
+    AioContext *aio_context;
+    BlockJob *job = find_block_job(device, &aio_context, errp);
+
+    if (!job || !job->user_paused) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    job->user_paused = false;
+    trace_qmp_block_job_resume(job);
+    block_job_resume(job);
+    aio_context_release(aio_context);
+}
+
+void qmp_block_job_complete(const char *device, Error **errp)
+{
+    AioContext *aio_context;
+    BlockJob *job = find_block_job(device, &aio_context, errp);
+
+    if (!job) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    trace_qmp_block_job_complete(job);
+    block_job_complete(job, errp);
+    aio_context_release(aio_context);
+}
+
+void qmp_change_backing_file(const char *device,
+                             const char *image_node_name,
+                             const char *backing_file,
+                             Error **errp)
+{
+    BlockBackend *blk;
+    BlockDriverState *bs = NULL;
+    AioContext *aio_context;
+    BlockDriverState *image_bs = NULL;
+    Error *local_err = NULL;
+    bool ro;
+    int open_flags;
+    int ret;
+
+    blk = blk_by_name(device);
+    if (!blk) {
+        error_set(errp, ERROR_CLASS_DEVICE_NOT_FOUND,
+                  "Device '%s' not found", device);
+        return;
+    }
+    bs = blk_bs(blk);
+
+    aio_context = bdrv_get_aio_context(bs);
+    aio_context_acquire(aio_context);
+
+    image_bs = bdrv_lookup_bs(NULL, image_node_name, &local_err);
+    if (local_err) {
+        error_propagate(errp, local_err);
+        goto out;
+    }
+
+    if (!image_bs) {
+        error_setg(errp, "image file not found");
+        goto out;
+    }
+
+    if (bdrv_find_base(image_bs) == image_bs) {
+        error_setg(errp, "not allowing backing file change on an image "
+                         "without a backing file");
+        goto out;
+    }
+
+    /* even though we are not necessarily operating on bs, we need it to
+     * determine if block ops are currently prohibited on the chain */
+    if (bdrv_op_is_blocked(bs, BLOCK_OP_TYPE_CHANGE, errp)) {
+        goto out;
+    }
+
+    /* final sanity check */
+    if (!bdrv_chain_contains(bs, image_bs)) {
+        error_setg(errp, "'%s' and image file are not in the same chain",
+                   device);
+        goto out;
+    }
+
+    /* if not r/w, reopen to make r/w */
+    open_flags = image_bs->open_flags;
+    ro = bdrv_is_read_only(image_bs);
+
+    if (ro) {
+        bdrv_reopen(image_bs, open_flags | BDRV_O_RDWR, &local_err);
+        if (local_err) {
+            error_propagate(errp, local_err);
+            goto out;
+        }
+    }
+
+    ret = bdrv_change_backing_file(image_bs, backing_file,
+                               image_bs->drv ? image_bs->drv->format_name : "");
+
+    if (ret < 0) {
+        error_setg_errno(errp, -ret, "Could not change backing file to '%s'",
+                         backing_file);
+        /* don't exit here, so we can try to restore open flags if
+         * appropriate */
+    }
+
+    if (ro) {
+        bdrv_reopen(image_bs, open_flags, &local_err);
+        if (local_err) {
+            error_propagate(errp, local_err); /* will preserve prior errp */
+        }
+    }
+
+out:
+    aio_context_release(aio_context);
+}
+
+void qmp_blockdev_add(BlockdevOptions *options, Error **errp)
+{
+    QmpOutputVisitor *ov = qmp_output_visitor_new();
+    BlockBackend *blk;
+    QObject *obj;
+    QDict *qdict;
+    Error *local_err = NULL;
+
+    /* Require an ID in the top level */
+    if (!options->has_id) {
+        error_setg(errp, "Block device needs an ID");
+        goto fail;
+    }
+
+    /* TODO Sort it out in raw-posix and drive_new(): Reject aio=native with
+     * cache.direct=false instead of silently switching to aio=threads, except
+     * when called from drive_new().
+     *
+     * For now, simply forbidding the combination for all drivers will do. */
+    if (options->has_aio && options->aio == BLOCKDEV_AIO_OPTIONS_NATIVE) {
+        bool direct = options->has_cache &&
+                      options->cache->has_direct &&
+                      options->cache->direct;
+        if (!direct) {
+            error_setg(errp, "aio=native requires cache.direct=true");
+            goto fail;
+        }
+    }
+
+    visit_type_BlockdevOptions(qmp_output_get_visitor(ov),
+                               &options, NULL, &local_err);
+    if (local_err) {
+        error_propagate(errp, local_err);
+        goto fail;
+    }
+
+    obj = qmp_output_get_qobject(ov);
+    qdict = qobject_to_qdict(obj);
+
+    qdict_flatten(qdict);
+
+    blk = blockdev_init(NULL, qdict, &local_err);
+    if (local_err) {
+        error_propagate(errp, local_err);
+        goto fail;
+    }
+
+    if (bdrv_key_required(blk_bs(blk))) {
+        blk_unref(blk);
+        error_setg(errp, "blockdev-add doesn't support encrypted devices");
+        goto fail;
+    }
+
+fail:
+    qmp_output_visitor_cleanup(ov);
+}
+
+BlockJobInfoList *qmp_query_block_jobs(Error **errp)
+{
+    BlockJobInfoList *head = NULL, **p_next = &head;
+    BlockDriverState *bs;
+
+    for (bs = bdrv_next(NULL); bs; bs = bdrv_next(bs)) {
+        AioContext *aio_context = bdrv_get_aio_context(bs);
+
+        aio_context_acquire(aio_context);
+
+        if (bs->job) {
+            BlockJobInfoList *elem = g_new0(BlockJobInfoList, 1);
+            elem->value = block_job_query(bs->job);
+            *p_next = elem;
+            p_next = &elem->next;
+        }
+
+        aio_context_release(aio_context);
+    }
+
+    return head;
+}
+
+QemuOptsList qemu_common_drive_opts = {
+    .name = "drive",
+    .head = QTAILQ_HEAD_INITIALIZER(qemu_common_drive_opts.head),
+    .desc = {
+        {
+            .name = "snapshot",
+            .type = QEMU_OPT_BOOL,
+            .help = "enable/disable snapshot mode",
+        },{
+            .name = "discard",
+            .type = QEMU_OPT_STRING,
+            .help = "discard operation (ignore/off, unmap/on)",
+        },{
+            .name = BDRV_OPT_CACHE_WB,
+            .type = QEMU_OPT_BOOL,
+            .help = "enables writeback mode for any caches",
+        },{
+            .name = BDRV_OPT_CACHE_DIRECT,
+            .type = QEMU_OPT_BOOL,
+            .help = "enables use of O_DIRECT (bypass the host page cache)",
+        },{
+            .name = BDRV_OPT_CACHE_NO_FLUSH,
+            .type = QEMU_OPT_BOOL,
+            .help = "ignore any flush requests for the device",
+        },{
+            .name = "aio",
+            .type = QEMU_OPT_STRING,
+            .help = "host AIO implementation (threads, native)",
+        },{
+            .name = "format",
+            .type = QEMU_OPT_STRING,
+            .help = "disk format (raw, qcow2, ...)",
+        },{
+            .name = "rerror",
+            .type = QEMU_OPT_STRING,
+            .help = "read error action",
+        },{
+            .name = "werror",
+            .type = QEMU_OPT_STRING,
+            .help = "write error action",
+        },{
+            .name = "read-only",
+            .type = QEMU_OPT_BOOL,
+            .help = "open drive file as read-only",
+        },{
+            .name = "throttling.iops-total",
+            .type = QEMU_OPT_NUMBER,
+            .help = "limit total I/O operations per second",
+        },{
+            .name = "throttling.iops-read",
+            .type = QEMU_OPT_NUMBER,
+            .help = "limit read operations per second",
+        },{
+            .name = "throttling.iops-write",
+            .type = QEMU_OPT_NUMBER,
+            .help = "limit write operations per second",
+        },{
+            .name = "throttling.bps-total",
+            .type = QEMU_OPT_NUMBER,
+            .help = "limit total bytes per second",
+        },{
+            .name = "throttling.bps-read",
+            .type = QEMU_OPT_NUMBER,
+            .help = "limit read bytes per second",
+        },{
+            .name = "throttling.bps-write",
+            .type = QEMU_OPT_NUMBER,
+            .help = "limit write bytes per second",
+        },{
+            .name = "throttling.iops-total-max",
+            .type = QEMU_OPT_NUMBER,
+            .help = "I/O operations burst",
+        },{
+            .name = "throttling.iops-read-max",
+            .type = QEMU_OPT_NUMBER,
+            .help = "I/O operations read burst",
+        },{
+            .name = "throttling.iops-write-max",
+            .type = QEMU_OPT_NUMBER,
+            .help = "I/O operations write burst",
+        },{
+            .name = "throttling.bps-total-max",
+            .type = QEMU_OPT_NUMBER,
+            .help = "total bytes burst",
+        },{
+            .name = "throttling.bps-read-max",
+            .type = QEMU_OPT_NUMBER,
+            .help = "total bytes read burst",
+        },{
+            .name = "throttling.bps-write-max",
+            .type = QEMU_OPT_NUMBER,
+            .help = "total bytes write burst",
+        },{
+            .name = "throttling.iops-size",
+            .type = QEMU_OPT_NUMBER,
+            .help = "when limiting by iops max size of an I/O in bytes",
+        },{
+            .name = "throttling.group",
+            .type = QEMU_OPT_STRING,
+            .help = "name of the block throttling group",
+        },{
+            .name = "copy-on-read",
+            .type = QEMU_OPT_BOOL,
+            .help = "copy read data from backing file into image file",
+        },{
+            .name = "detect-zeroes",
+            .type = QEMU_OPT_STRING,
+            .help = "try to optimize zero writes (off, on, unmap)",
+        },
+        { /* end of list */ }
+    },
+};
+
+QemuOptsList qemu_drive_opts = {
+    .name = "drive",
+    .head = QTAILQ_HEAD_INITIALIZER(qemu_drive_opts.head),
+    .desc = {
+        /*
+         * no elements => accept any params
+         * validation will happen later
+         */
+        { /* end of list */ }
+    },
+};