--- /dev/null
+Introduction
+============
+
+dm-cache is a device mapper target written by Joe Thornber, Heinz
+Mauelshagen, and Mike Snitzer.
+
+It aims to improve performance of a block device (eg, a spindle) by
+dynamically migrating some of its data to a faster, smaller device
+(eg, an SSD).
+
+This device-mapper solution allows us to insert this caching at
+different levels of the dm stack, for instance above the data device for
+a thin-provisioning pool. Caching solutions that are integrated more
+closely with the virtual memory system should give better performance.
+
+The target reuses the metadata library used in the thin-provisioning
+library.
+
+The decision as to what data to migrate and when is left to a plug-in
+policy module. Several of these have been written as we experiment,
+and we hope other people will contribute others for specific io
+scenarios (eg. a vm image server).
+
+Glossary
+========
+
+ Migration - Movement of the primary copy of a logical block from one
+ device to the other.
+ Promotion - Migration from slow device to fast device.
+ Demotion - Migration from fast device to slow device.
+
+The origin device always contains a copy of the logical block, which
+may be out of date or kept in sync with the copy on the cache device
+(depending on policy).
+
+Design
+======
+
+Sub-devices
+-----------
+
+The target is constructed by passing three devices to it (along with
+other parameters detailed later):
+
+1. An origin device - the big, slow one.
+
+2. A cache device - the small, fast one.
+
+3. A small metadata device - records which blocks are in the cache,
+ which are dirty, and extra hints for use by the policy object.
+ This information could be put on the cache device, but having it
+ separate allows the volume manager to configure it differently,
+ e.g. as a mirror for extra robustness. This metadata device may only
+ be used by a single cache device.
+
+Fixed block size
+----------------
+
+The origin is divided up into blocks of a fixed size. This block size
+is configurable when you first create the cache. Typically we've been
+using block sizes of 256KB - 1024KB. The block size must be between 64
+(32KB) and 2097152 (1GB) and a multiple of 64 (32KB).
+
+Having a fixed block size simplifies the target a lot. But it is
+something of a compromise. For instance, a small part of a block may be
+getting hit a lot, yet the whole block will be promoted to the cache.
+So large block sizes are bad because they waste cache space. And small
+block sizes are bad because they increase the amount of metadata (both
+in core and on disk).
+
+Cache operating modes
+---------------------
+
+The cache has three operating modes: writeback, writethrough and
+passthrough.
+
+If writeback, the default, is selected then a write to a block that is
+cached will go only to the cache and the block will be marked dirty in
+the metadata.
+
+If writethrough is selected then a write to a cached block will not
+complete until it has hit both the origin and cache devices. Clean
+blocks should remain clean.
+
+If passthrough is selected, useful when the cache contents are not known
+to be coherent with the origin device, then all reads are served from
+the origin device (all reads miss the cache) and all writes are
+forwarded to the origin device; additionally, write hits cause cache
+block invalidates. To enable passthrough mode the cache must be clean.
+Passthrough mode allows a cache device to be activated without having to
+worry about coherency. Coherency that exists is maintained, although
+the cache will gradually cool as writes take place. If the coherency of
+the cache can later be verified, or established through use of the
+"invalidate_cblocks" message, the cache device can be transitioned to
+writethrough or writeback mode while still warm. Otherwise, the cache
+contents can be discarded prior to transitioning to the desired
+operating mode.
+
+A simple cleaner policy is provided, which will clean (write back) all
+dirty blocks in a cache. Useful for decommissioning a cache or when
+shrinking a cache. Shrinking the cache's fast device requires all cache
+blocks, in the area of the cache being removed, to be clean. If the
+area being removed from the cache still contains dirty blocks the resize
+will fail. Care must be taken to never reduce the volume used for the
+cache's fast device until the cache is clean. This is of particular
+importance if writeback mode is used. Writethrough and passthrough
+modes already maintain a clean cache. Future support to partially clean
+the cache, above a specified threshold, will allow for keeping the cache
+warm and in writeback mode during resize.
+
+Migration throttling
+--------------------
+
+Migrating data between the origin and cache device uses bandwidth.
+The user can set a throttle to prevent more than a certain amount of
+migration occurring at any one time. Currently we're not taking any
+account of normal io traffic going to the devices. More work needs
+doing here to avoid migrating during those peak io moments.
+
+For the time being, a message "migration_threshold <#sectors>"
+can be used to set the maximum number of sectors being migrated,
+the default being 204800 sectors (or 100MB).
+
+Updating on-disk metadata
+-------------------------
+
+On-disk metadata is committed every time a FLUSH or FUA bio is written.
+If no such requests are made then commits will occur every second. This
+means the cache behaves like a physical disk that has a volatile write
+cache. If power is lost you may lose some recent writes. The metadata
+should always be consistent in spite of any crash.
+
+The 'dirty' state for a cache block changes far too frequently for us
+to keep updating it on the fly. So we treat it as a hint. In normal
+operation it will be written when the dm device is suspended. If the
+system crashes all cache blocks will be assumed dirty when restarted.
+
+Per-block policy hints
+----------------------
+
+Policy plug-ins can store a chunk of data per cache block. It's up to
+the policy how big this chunk is, but it should be kept small. Like the
+dirty flags this data is lost if there's a crash so a safe fallback
+value should always be possible.
+
+For instance, the 'mq' policy, which is currently the default policy,
+uses this facility to store the hit count of the cache blocks. If
+there's a crash this information will be lost, which means the cache
+may be less efficient until those hit counts are regenerated.
+
+Policy hints affect performance, not correctness.
+
+Policy messaging
+----------------
+
+Policies will have different tunables, specific to each one, so we
+need a generic way of getting and setting these. Device-mapper
+messages are used. Refer to cache-policies.txt.
+
+Discard bitset resolution
+-------------------------
+
+We can avoid copying data during migration if we know the block has
+been discarded. A prime example of this is when mkfs discards the
+whole block device. We store a bitset tracking the discard state of
+blocks. However, we allow this bitset to have a different block size
+from the cache blocks. This is because we need to track the discard
+state for all of the origin device (compare with the dirty bitset
+which is just for the smaller cache device).
+
+Target interface
+================
+
+Constructor
+-----------
+
+ cache <metadata dev> <cache dev> <origin dev> <block size>
+ <#feature args> [<feature arg>]*
+ <policy> <#policy args> [policy args]*
+
+ metadata dev : fast device holding the persistent metadata
+ cache dev : fast device holding cached data blocks
+ origin dev : slow device holding original data blocks
+ block size : cache unit size in sectors
+
+ #feature args : number of feature arguments passed
+ feature args : writethrough or passthrough (The default is writeback.)
+
+ policy : the replacement policy to use
+ #policy args : an even number of arguments corresponding to
+ key/value pairs passed to the policy
+ policy args : key/value pairs passed to the policy
+ E.g. 'sequential_threshold 1024'
+ See cache-policies.txt for details.
+
+Optional feature arguments are:
+ writethrough : write through caching that prohibits cache block
+ content from being different from origin block content.
+ Without this argument, the default behaviour is to write
+ back cache block contents later for performance reasons,
+ so they may differ from the corresponding origin blocks.
+
+ passthrough : a degraded mode useful for various cache coherency
+ situations (e.g., rolling back snapshots of
+ underlying storage). Reads and writes always go to
+ the origin. If a write goes to a cached origin
+ block, then the cache block is invalidated.
+ To enable passthrough mode the cache must be clean.
+
+A policy called 'default' is always registered. This is an alias for
+the policy we currently think is giving best all round performance.
+
+As the default policy could vary between kernels, if you are relying on
+the characteristics of a specific policy, always request it by name.
+
+Status
+------
+
+<metadata block size> <#used metadata blocks>/<#total metadata blocks>
+<cache block size> <#used cache blocks>/<#total cache blocks>
+<#read hits> <#read misses> <#write hits> <#write misses>
+<#demotions> <#promotions> <#dirty> <#features> <features>*
+<#core args> <core args>* <policy name> <#policy args> <policy args>*
+
+metadata block size : Fixed block size for each metadata block in
+ sectors
+#used metadata blocks : Number of metadata blocks used
+#total metadata blocks : Total number of metadata blocks
+cache block size : Configurable block size for the cache device
+ in sectors
+#used cache blocks : Number of blocks resident in the cache
+#total cache blocks : Total number of cache blocks
+#read hits : Number of times a READ bio has been mapped
+ to the cache
+#read misses : Number of times a READ bio has been mapped
+ to the origin
+#write hits : Number of times a WRITE bio has been mapped
+ to the cache
+#write misses : Number of times a WRITE bio has been
+ mapped to the origin
+#demotions : Number of times a block has been removed
+ from the cache
+#promotions : Number of times a block has been moved to
+ the cache
+#dirty : Number of blocks in the cache that differ
+ from the origin
+#feature args : Number of feature args to follow
+feature args : 'writethrough' (optional)
+#core args : Number of core arguments (must be even)
+core args : Key/value pairs for tuning the core
+ e.g. migration_threshold
+policy name : Name of the policy
+#policy args : Number of policy arguments to follow (must be even)
+policy args : Key/value pairs
+ e.g. sequential_threshold
+
+Messages
+--------
+
+Policies will have different tunables, specific to each one, so we
+need a generic way of getting and setting these. Device-mapper
+messages are used. (A sysfs interface would also be possible.)
+
+The message format is:
+
+ <key> <value>
+
+E.g.
+ dmsetup message my_cache 0 sequential_threshold 1024
+
+
+Invalidation is removing an entry from the cache without writing it
+back. Cache blocks can be invalidated via the invalidate_cblocks
+message, which takes an arbitrary number of cblock ranges. Each cblock
+range's end value is "one past the end", meaning 5-10 expresses a range
+of values from 5 to 9. Each cblock must be expressed as a decimal
+value, in the future a variant message that takes cblock ranges
+expressed in hexidecimal may be needed to better support efficient
+invalidation of larger caches. The cache must be in passthrough mode
+when invalidate_cblocks is used.
+
+ invalidate_cblocks [<cblock>|<cblock begin>-<cblock end>]*
+
+E.g.
+ dmsetup message my_cache 0 invalidate_cblocks 2345 3456-4567 5678-6789
+
+Examples
+========
+
+The test suite can be found here:
+
+https://github.com/jthornber/device-mapper-test-suite
+
+dmsetup create my_cache --table '0 41943040 cache /dev/mapper/metadata \
+ /dev/mapper/ssd /dev/mapper/origin 512 1 writeback default 0'
+dmsetup create my_cache --table '0 41943040 cache /dev/mapper/metadata \
+ /dev/mapper/ssd /dev/mapper/origin 1024 1 writeback \
+ mq 4 sequential_threshold 1024 random_threshold 8'
Code Review / kvmfornfv.git / blobdiff