2 * QEMU disk image utility
4 * Copyright (c) 2003-2008 Fabrice Bellard
6 * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
7 * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
8 * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
9 * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
10 * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
11 * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
13 * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
14 * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
16 * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
17 * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
18 * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL
19 * THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
20 * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
21 * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
24 #include "qapi-visit.h"
25 #include "qapi/qmp-output-visitor.h"
26 #include "qapi/qmp/qerror.h"
27 #include "qapi/qmp/qjson.h"
28 #include "qemu-common.h"
29 #include "qemu/option.h"
30 #include "qemu/error-report.h"
31 #include "qemu/osdep.h"
32 #include "sysemu/sysemu.h"
33 #include "sysemu/block-backend.h"
34 #include "block/block_int.h"
35 #include "block/blockjob.h"
36 #include "block/qapi.h"
39 #define QEMU_IMG_VERSION "qemu-img version " QEMU_VERSION QEMU_PKGVERSION \
40 ", Copyright (c) 2004-2008 Fabrice Bellard\n"
42 typedef struct img_cmd_t {
44 int (*handler)(int argc, char **argv);
49 OPTION_BACKING_CHAIN = 257,
52 typedef enum OutputFormat {
57 /* Default to cache=writeback as data integrity is not important for qemu-tcg. */
58 #define BDRV_O_FLAGS BDRV_O_CACHE_WB
59 #define BDRV_DEFAULT_CACHE "writeback"
61 static void format_print(void *opaque, const char *name)
66 static void QEMU_NORETURN GCC_FMT_ATTR(1, 2) error_exit(const char *fmt, ...)
70 error_printf("qemu-img: ");
73 error_vprintf(fmt, ap);
76 error_printf("\nTry 'qemu-img --help' for more information\n");
80 /* Please keep in synch with qemu-img.texi */
81 static void QEMU_NORETURN help(void)
83 const char *help_msg =
85 "usage: qemu-img command [command options]\n"
86 "QEMU disk image utility\n"
89 #define DEF(option, callback, arg_string) \
91 #include "qemu-img-cmds.h"
95 "Command parameters:\n"
96 " 'filename' is a disk image filename\n"
97 " 'fmt' is the disk image format. It is guessed automatically in most cases\n"
98 " 'cache' is the cache mode used to write the output disk image, the valid\n"
99 " options are: 'none', 'writeback' (default, except for convert), 'writethrough',\n"
100 " 'directsync' and 'unsafe' (default for convert)\n"
101 " 'src_cache' is the cache mode used to read input disk images, the valid\n"
102 " options are the same as for the 'cache' option\n"
103 " 'size' is the disk image size in bytes. Optional suffixes\n"
104 " 'k' or 'K' (kilobyte, 1024), 'M' (megabyte, 1024k), 'G' (gigabyte, 1024M),\n"
105 " 'T' (terabyte, 1024G), 'P' (petabyte, 1024T) and 'E' (exabyte, 1024P) are\n"
106 " supported. 'b' is ignored.\n"
107 " 'output_filename' is the destination disk image filename\n"
108 " 'output_fmt' is the destination format\n"
109 " 'options' is a comma separated list of format specific options in a\n"
110 " name=value format. Use -o ? for an overview of the options supported by the\n"
112 " 'snapshot_param' is param used for internal snapshot, format\n"
113 " is 'snapshot.id=[ID],snapshot.name=[NAME]', or\n"
115 " 'snapshot_id_or_name' is deprecated, use 'snapshot_param'\n"
117 " '-c' indicates that target image must be compressed (qcow format only)\n"
118 " '-u' enables unsafe rebasing. It is assumed that old and new backing file\n"
119 " match exactly. The image doesn't need a working backing file before\n"
120 " rebasing in this case (useful for renaming the backing file)\n"
121 " '-h' with or without a command shows this help and lists the supported formats\n"
122 " '-p' show progress of command (only certain commands)\n"
123 " '-q' use Quiet mode - do not print any output (except errors)\n"
124 " '-S' indicates the consecutive number of bytes (defaults to 4k) that must\n"
125 " contain only zeros for qemu-img to create a sparse image during\n"
126 " conversion. If the number of bytes is 0, the source will not be scanned for\n"
127 " unallocated or zero sectors, and the destination image will always be\n"
129 " '--output' takes the format in which the output must be done (human or json)\n"
130 " '-n' skips the target volume creation (useful if the volume is created\n"
131 " prior to running qemu-img)\n"
133 "Parameters to check subcommand:\n"
134 " '-r' tries to repair any inconsistencies that are found during the check.\n"
135 " '-r leaks' repairs only cluster leaks, whereas '-r all' fixes all\n"
136 " kinds of errors, with a higher risk of choosing the wrong fix or\n"
137 " hiding corruption that has already occurred.\n"
139 "Parameters to snapshot subcommand:\n"
140 " 'snapshot' is the name of the snapshot to create, apply or delete\n"
141 " '-a' applies a snapshot (revert disk to saved state)\n"
142 " '-c' creates a snapshot\n"
143 " '-d' deletes a snapshot\n"
144 " '-l' lists all snapshots in the given image\n"
146 "Parameters to compare subcommand:\n"
147 " '-f' first image format\n"
148 " '-F' second image format\n"
149 " '-s' run in Strict mode - fail on different image size or sector allocation\n";
151 printf("%s\nSupported formats:", help_msg);
152 bdrv_iterate_format(format_print, NULL);
157 static int GCC_FMT_ATTR(2, 3) qprintf(bool quiet, const char *fmt, ...)
163 ret = vprintf(fmt, args);
170 static int print_block_option_help(const char *filename, const char *fmt)
172 BlockDriver *drv, *proto_drv;
173 QemuOptsList *create_opts = NULL;
174 Error *local_err = NULL;
176 /* Find driver and parse its options */
177 drv = bdrv_find_format(fmt);
179 error_report("Unknown file format '%s'", fmt);
183 create_opts = qemu_opts_append(create_opts, drv->create_opts);
185 proto_drv = bdrv_find_protocol(filename, true, &local_err);
187 error_report_err(local_err);
188 qemu_opts_free(create_opts);
191 create_opts = qemu_opts_append(create_opts, proto_drv->create_opts);
194 qemu_opts_print_help(create_opts);
195 qemu_opts_free(create_opts);
199 static BlockBackend *img_open(const char *id, const char *filename,
200 const char *fmt, int flags,
201 bool require_io, bool quiet)
204 BlockDriverState *bs;
206 Error *local_err = NULL;
207 QDict *options = NULL;
210 options = qdict_new();
211 qdict_put(options, "driver", qstring_from_str(fmt));
214 blk = blk_new_open(id, filename, NULL, options, flags, &local_err);
216 error_report("Could not open '%s': %s", filename,
217 error_get_pretty(local_err));
218 error_free(local_err);
223 if (bdrv_is_encrypted(bs) && require_io) {
224 qprintf(quiet, "Disk image '%s' is encrypted.\n", filename);
225 if (qemu_read_password(password, sizeof(password)) < 0) {
226 error_report("No password given");
229 if (bdrv_set_key(bs, password) < 0) {
230 error_report("invalid password");
240 static int add_old_style_options(const char *fmt, QemuOpts *opts,
241 const char *base_filename,
242 const char *base_fmt)
247 qemu_opt_set(opts, BLOCK_OPT_BACKING_FILE, base_filename, &err);
249 error_report("Backing file not supported for file format '%s'",
256 qemu_opt_set(opts, BLOCK_OPT_BACKING_FMT, base_fmt, &err);
258 error_report("Backing file format not supported for file "
267 static int img_create(int argc, char **argv)
270 uint64_t img_size = -1;
271 const char *fmt = "raw";
272 const char *base_fmt = NULL;
273 const char *filename;
274 const char *base_filename = NULL;
275 char *options = NULL;
276 Error *local_err = NULL;
280 c = getopt(argc, argv, "F:b:f:he6o:q");
293 base_filename = optarg;
299 error_report("option -e is deprecated, please use \'-o "
300 "encryption\' instead!");
303 error_report("option -6 is deprecated, please use \'-o "
304 "compat6\' instead!");
307 if (!is_valid_option_list(optarg)) {
308 error_report("Invalid option list: %s", optarg);
312 options = g_strdup(optarg);
314 char *old_options = options;
315 options = g_strdup_printf("%s,%s", options, optarg);
325 /* Get the filename */
326 filename = (optind < argc) ? argv[optind] : NULL;
327 if (options && has_help_option(options)) {
329 return print_block_option_help(filename, fmt);
332 if (optind >= argc) {
333 error_exit("Expecting image file name");
337 /* Get image size, if specified */
341 sval = strtosz_suffix(argv[optind++], &end, STRTOSZ_DEFSUFFIX_B);
342 if (sval < 0 || *end) {
343 if (sval == -ERANGE) {
344 error_report("Image size must be less than 8 EiB!");
346 error_report("Invalid image size specified! You may use k, M, "
347 "G, T, P or E suffixes for ");
348 error_report("kilobytes, megabytes, gigabytes, terabytes, "
349 "petabytes and exabytes.");
353 img_size = (uint64_t)sval;
355 if (optind != argc) {
356 error_exit("Unexpected argument: %s", argv[optind]);
359 bdrv_img_create(filename, fmt, base_filename, base_fmt,
360 options, img_size, BDRV_O_FLAGS, &local_err, quiet);
362 error_report("%s: %s", filename, error_get_pretty(local_err));
363 error_free(local_err);
375 static void dump_json_image_check(ImageCheck *check, bool quiet)
377 Error *local_err = NULL;
379 QmpOutputVisitor *ov = qmp_output_visitor_new();
381 visit_type_ImageCheck(qmp_output_get_visitor(ov),
382 &check, NULL, &local_err);
383 obj = qmp_output_get_qobject(ov);
384 str = qobject_to_json_pretty(obj);
386 qprintf(quiet, "%s\n", qstring_get_str(str));
388 qmp_output_visitor_cleanup(ov);
392 static void dump_human_image_check(ImageCheck *check, bool quiet)
394 if (!(check->corruptions || check->leaks || check->check_errors)) {
395 qprintf(quiet, "No errors were found on the image.\n");
397 if (check->corruptions) {
398 qprintf(quiet, "\n%" PRId64 " errors were found on the image.\n"
399 "Data may be corrupted, or further writes to the image "
406 "\n%" PRId64 " leaked clusters were found on the image.\n"
407 "This means waste of disk space, but no harm to data.\n",
411 if (check->check_errors) {
414 " internal errors have occurred during the check.\n",
415 check->check_errors);
419 if (check->total_clusters != 0 && check->allocated_clusters != 0) {
420 qprintf(quiet, "%" PRId64 "/%" PRId64 " = %0.2f%% allocated, "
421 "%0.2f%% fragmented, %0.2f%% compressed clusters\n",
422 check->allocated_clusters, check->total_clusters,
423 check->allocated_clusters * 100.0 / check->total_clusters,
424 check->fragmented_clusters * 100.0 / check->allocated_clusters,
425 check->compressed_clusters * 100.0 /
426 check->allocated_clusters);
429 if (check->image_end_offset) {
431 "Image end offset: %" PRId64 "\n", check->image_end_offset);
435 static int collect_image_check(BlockDriverState *bs,
437 const char *filename,
442 BdrvCheckResult result;
444 ret = bdrv_check(bs, &result, fix);
449 check->filename = g_strdup(filename);
450 check->format = g_strdup(bdrv_get_format_name(bs));
451 check->check_errors = result.check_errors;
452 check->corruptions = result.corruptions;
453 check->has_corruptions = result.corruptions != 0;
454 check->leaks = result.leaks;
455 check->has_leaks = result.leaks != 0;
456 check->corruptions_fixed = result.corruptions_fixed;
457 check->has_corruptions_fixed = result.corruptions != 0;
458 check->leaks_fixed = result.leaks_fixed;
459 check->has_leaks_fixed = result.leaks != 0;
460 check->image_end_offset = result.image_end_offset;
461 check->has_image_end_offset = result.image_end_offset != 0;
462 check->total_clusters = result.bfi.total_clusters;
463 check->has_total_clusters = result.bfi.total_clusters != 0;
464 check->allocated_clusters = result.bfi.allocated_clusters;
465 check->has_allocated_clusters = result.bfi.allocated_clusters != 0;
466 check->fragmented_clusters = result.bfi.fragmented_clusters;
467 check->has_fragmented_clusters = result.bfi.fragmented_clusters != 0;
468 check->compressed_clusters = result.bfi.compressed_clusters;
469 check->has_compressed_clusters = result.bfi.compressed_clusters != 0;
475 * Checks an image for consistency. Exit codes:
477 * 0 - Check completed, image is good
478 * 1 - Check not completed because of internal errors
479 * 2 - Check completed, image is corrupted
480 * 3 - Check completed, image has leaked clusters, but is good otherwise
481 * 63 - Checks are not supported by the image format
483 static int img_check(int argc, char **argv)
486 OutputFormat output_format = OFORMAT_HUMAN;
487 const char *filename, *fmt, *output, *cache;
489 BlockDriverState *bs;
491 int flags = BDRV_O_FLAGS | BDRV_O_CHECK;
497 cache = BDRV_DEFAULT_CACHE;
499 int option_index = 0;
500 static const struct option long_options[] = {
501 {"help", no_argument, 0, 'h'},
502 {"format", required_argument, 0, 'f'},
503 {"repair", required_argument, 0, 'r'},
504 {"output", required_argument, 0, OPTION_OUTPUT},
507 c = getopt_long(argc, argv, "hf:r:T:q",
508 long_options, &option_index);
521 flags |= BDRV_O_RDWR;
523 if (!strcmp(optarg, "leaks")) {
524 fix = BDRV_FIX_LEAKS;
525 } else if (!strcmp(optarg, "all")) {
526 fix = BDRV_FIX_LEAKS | BDRV_FIX_ERRORS;
528 error_exit("Unknown option value for -r "
529 "(expecting 'leaks' or 'all'): %s", optarg);
543 if (optind != argc - 1) {
544 error_exit("Expecting one image file name");
546 filename = argv[optind++];
548 if (output && !strcmp(output, "json")) {
549 output_format = OFORMAT_JSON;
550 } else if (output && !strcmp(output, "human")) {
551 output_format = OFORMAT_HUMAN;
553 error_report("--output must be used with human or json as argument.");
557 ret = bdrv_parse_cache_flags(cache, &flags);
559 error_report("Invalid source cache option: %s", cache);
563 blk = img_open("image", filename, fmt, flags, true, quiet);
569 check = g_new0(ImageCheck, 1);
570 ret = collect_image_check(bs, check, filename, fmt, fix);
572 if (ret == -ENOTSUP) {
573 error_report("This image format does not support checks");
578 if (check->corruptions_fixed || check->leaks_fixed) {
579 int corruptions_fixed, leaks_fixed;
581 leaks_fixed = check->leaks_fixed;
582 corruptions_fixed = check->corruptions_fixed;
584 if (output_format == OFORMAT_HUMAN) {
586 "The following inconsistencies were found and repaired:\n\n"
587 " %" PRId64 " leaked clusters\n"
588 " %" PRId64 " corruptions\n\n"
589 "Double checking the fixed image now...\n",
591 check->corruptions_fixed);
594 ret = collect_image_check(bs, check, filename, fmt, 0);
596 check->leaks_fixed = leaks_fixed;
597 check->corruptions_fixed = corruptions_fixed;
601 switch (output_format) {
603 dump_human_image_check(check, quiet);
606 dump_json_image_check(check, quiet);
611 if (ret || check->check_errors) {
613 error_report("Check failed: %s", strerror(-ret));
615 error_report("Check failed");
621 if (check->corruptions) {
623 } else if (check->leaks) {
630 qapi_free_ImageCheck(check);
635 typedef struct CommonBlockJobCBInfo {
636 BlockDriverState *bs;
638 } CommonBlockJobCBInfo;
640 static void common_block_job_cb(void *opaque, int ret)
642 CommonBlockJobCBInfo *cbi = opaque;
645 error_setg_errno(cbi->errp, -ret, "Block job failed");
648 /* Drop this block job's reference */
652 static void run_block_job(BlockJob *job, Error **errp)
654 AioContext *aio_context = bdrv_get_aio_context(job->bs);
657 aio_poll(aio_context, true);
658 qemu_progress_print((float)job->offset / job->len * 100.f, 0);
659 } while (!job->ready);
661 block_job_complete_sync(job, errp);
663 /* A block job may finish instantaneously without publishing any progress,
664 * so just signal completion here */
665 qemu_progress_print(100.f, 0);
668 static int img_commit(int argc, char **argv)
671 const char *filename, *fmt, *cache, *base;
673 BlockDriverState *bs, *base_bs;
674 bool progress = false, quiet = false, drop = false;
675 Error *local_err = NULL;
676 CommonBlockJobCBInfo cbi;
679 cache = BDRV_DEFAULT_CACHE;
682 c = getopt(argc, argv, "f:ht:b:dpq");
714 /* Progress is not shown in Quiet mode */
719 if (optind != argc - 1) {
720 error_exit("Expecting one image file name");
722 filename = argv[optind++];
724 flags = BDRV_O_RDWR | BDRV_O_UNMAP;
725 ret = bdrv_parse_cache_flags(cache, &flags);
727 error_report("Invalid cache option: %s", cache);
731 blk = img_open("image", filename, fmt, flags, true, quiet);
737 qemu_progress_init(progress, 1.f);
738 qemu_progress_print(0.f, 100);
741 base_bs = bdrv_find_backing_image(bs, base);
743 error_setg(&local_err, QERR_BASE_NOT_FOUND, base);
747 /* This is different from QMP, which by default uses the deepest file in
748 * the backing chain (i.e., the very base); however, the traditional
749 * behavior of qemu-img commit is using the immediate backing file. */
750 base_bs = bs->backing_hd;
752 error_setg(&local_err, "Image does not have a backing file");
757 cbi = (CommonBlockJobCBInfo){
762 commit_active_start(bs, base_bs, 0, BLOCKDEV_ON_ERROR_REPORT,
763 common_block_job_cb, &cbi, &local_err);
768 /* The block job will swap base_bs and bs (which is not what we really want
769 * here, but okay) and unref base_bs (after the swap, i.e., the old top
770 * image). In order to still be able to empty that top image afterwards,
771 * increment the reference counter here preemptively. */
776 run_block_job(bs->job, &local_err);
781 if (!drop && base_bs->drv->bdrv_make_empty) {
782 ret = base_bs->drv->bdrv_make_empty(base_bs);
784 error_setg_errno(&local_err, -ret, "Could not empty %s",
801 error_report_err(local_err);
805 qprintf(quiet, "Image committed.\n");
810 * Returns true iff the first sector pointed to by 'buf' contains at least
813 * 'pnum' is set to the number of sectors (including and immediately following
814 * the first one) that are known to be in the same allocated/unallocated state.
816 static int is_allocated_sectors(const uint8_t *buf, int n, int *pnum)
825 is_zero = buffer_is_zero(buf, 512);
826 for(i = 1; i < n; i++) {
828 if (is_zero != buffer_is_zero(buf, 512)) {
837 * Like is_allocated_sectors, but if the buffer starts with a used sector,
838 * up to 'min' consecutive sectors containing zeros are ignored. This avoids
839 * breaking up write requests for only small sparse areas.
841 static int is_allocated_sectors_min(const uint8_t *buf, int n, int *pnum,
845 int num_checked, num_used;
851 ret = is_allocated_sectors(buf, n, pnum);
857 buf += BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE * *pnum;
859 num_checked = num_used;
862 ret = is_allocated_sectors(buf, n, pnum);
864 buf += BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE * *pnum;
866 num_checked += *pnum;
868 num_used = num_checked;
869 } else if (*pnum >= min) {
879 * Compares two buffers sector by sector. Returns 0 if the first sector of both
880 * buffers matches, non-zero otherwise.
882 * pnum is set to the number of sectors (including and immediately following
883 * the first one) that are known to have the same comparison result
885 static int compare_sectors(const uint8_t *buf1, const uint8_t *buf2, int n,
896 res = !!memcmp(buf1, buf2, 512);
897 for(i = 1; i < n; i++) {
901 if (!!memcmp(buf1, buf2, 512) != res) {
910 #define IO_BUF_SIZE (2 * 1024 * 1024)
912 static int64_t sectors_to_bytes(int64_t sectors)
914 return sectors << BDRV_SECTOR_BITS;
917 static int64_t sectors_to_process(int64_t total, int64_t from)
919 return MIN(total - from, IO_BUF_SIZE >> BDRV_SECTOR_BITS);
923 * Check if passed sectors are empty (not allocated or contain only 0 bytes)
925 * Returns 0 in case sectors are filled with 0, 1 if sectors contain non-zero
926 * data and negative value on error.
928 * @param blk: BlockBackend for the image
929 * @param sect_num: Number of first sector to check
930 * @param sect_count: Number of sectors to check
931 * @param filename: Name of disk file we are checking (logging purpose)
932 * @param buffer: Allocated buffer for storing read data
933 * @param quiet: Flag for quiet mode
935 static int check_empty_sectors(BlockBackend *blk, int64_t sect_num,
936 int sect_count, const char *filename,
937 uint8_t *buffer, bool quiet)
940 ret = blk_read(blk, sect_num, buffer, sect_count);
942 error_report("Error while reading offset %" PRId64 " of %s: %s",
943 sectors_to_bytes(sect_num), filename, strerror(-ret));
946 ret = is_allocated_sectors(buffer, sect_count, &pnum);
947 if (ret || pnum != sect_count) {
948 qprintf(quiet, "Content mismatch at offset %" PRId64 "!\n",
949 sectors_to_bytes(ret ? sect_num : sect_num + pnum));
957 * Compares two images. Exit codes:
959 * 0 - Images are identical
961 * >1 - Error occurred
963 static int img_compare(int argc, char **argv)
965 const char *fmt1 = NULL, *fmt2 = NULL, *cache, *filename1, *filename2;
966 BlockBackend *blk1, *blk2;
967 BlockDriverState *bs1, *bs2;
968 int64_t total_sectors1, total_sectors2;
969 uint8_t *buf1 = NULL, *buf2 = NULL;
971 int allocated1, allocated2;
972 int ret = 0; /* return value - 0 Ident, 1 Different, >1 Error */
973 bool progress = false, quiet = false, strict = false;
975 int64_t total_sectors;
976 int64_t sector_num = 0;
979 uint64_t progress_base;
981 cache = BDRV_DEFAULT_CACHE;
983 c = getopt(argc, argv, "hf:F:T:pqs");
1013 /* Progress is not shown in Quiet mode */
1019 if (optind != argc - 2) {
1020 error_exit("Expecting two image file names");
1022 filename1 = argv[optind++];
1023 filename2 = argv[optind++];
1025 /* Initialize before goto out */
1026 qemu_progress_init(progress, 2.0);
1028 flags = BDRV_O_FLAGS;
1029 ret = bdrv_parse_cache_flags(cache, &flags);
1031 error_report("Invalid source cache option: %s", cache);
1036 blk1 = img_open("image_1", filename1, fmt1, flags, true, quiet);
1043 blk2 = img_open("image_2", filename2, fmt2, flags, true, quiet);
1050 buf1 = blk_blockalign(blk1, IO_BUF_SIZE);
1051 buf2 = blk_blockalign(blk2, IO_BUF_SIZE);
1052 total_sectors1 = blk_nb_sectors(blk1);
1053 if (total_sectors1 < 0) {
1054 error_report("Can't get size of %s: %s",
1055 filename1, strerror(-total_sectors1));
1059 total_sectors2 = blk_nb_sectors(blk2);
1060 if (total_sectors2 < 0) {
1061 error_report("Can't get size of %s: %s",
1062 filename2, strerror(-total_sectors2));
1066 total_sectors = MIN(total_sectors1, total_sectors2);
1067 progress_base = MAX(total_sectors1, total_sectors2);
1069 qemu_progress_print(0, 100);
1071 if (strict && total_sectors1 != total_sectors2) {
1073 qprintf(quiet, "Strict mode: Image size mismatch!\n");
1078 nb_sectors = sectors_to_process(total_sectors, sector_num);
1079 if (nb_sectors <= 0) {
1082 allocated1 = bdrv_is_allocated_above(bs1, NULL, sector_num, nb_sectors,
1084 if (allocated1 < 0) {
1086 error_report("Sector allocation test failed for %s", filename1);
1090 allocated2 = bdrv_is_allocated_above(bs2, NULL, sector_num, nb_sectors,
1092 if (allocated2 < 0) {
1094 error_report("Sector allocation test failed for %s", filename2);
1097 nb_sectors = MIN(pnum1, pnum2);
1099 if (allocated1 == allocated2) {
1101 ret = blk_read(blk1, sector_num, buf1, nb_sectors);
1103 error_report("Error while reading offset %" PRId64 " of %s:"
1104 " %s", sectors_to_bytes(sector_num), filename1,
1109 ret = blk_read(blk2, sector_num, buf2, nb_sectors);
1111 error_report("Error while reading offset %" PRId64
1112 " of %s: %s", sectors_to_bytes(sector_num),
1113 filename2, strerror(-ret));
1117 ret = compare_sectors(buf1, buf2, nb_sectors, &pnum);
1118 if (ret || pnum != nb_sectors) {
1119 qprintf(quiet, "Content mismatch at offset %" PRId64 "!\n",
1121 ret ? sector_num : sector_num + pnum));
1129 qprintf(quiet, "Strict mode: Offset %" PRId64
1130 " allocation mismatch!\n",
1131 sectors_to_bytes(sector_num));
1136 ret = check_empty_sectors(blk1, sector_num, nb_sectors,
1137 filename1, buf1, quiet);
1139 ret = check_empty_sectors(blk2, sector_num, nb_sectors,
1140 filename2, buf1, quiet);
1144 error_report("Error while reading offset %" PRId64 ": %s",
1145 sectors_to_bytes(sector_num), strerror(-ret));
1151 sector_num += nb_sectors;
1152 qemu_progress_print(((float) nb_sectors / progress_base)*100, 100);
1155 if (total_sectors1 != total_sectors2) {
1156 BlockBackend *blk_over;
1157 int64_t total_sectors_over;
1158 const char *filename_over;
1160 qprintf(quiet, "Warning: Image size mismatch!\n");
1161 if (total_sectors1 > total_sectors2) {
1162 total_sectors_over = total_sectors1;
1164 filename_over = filename1;
1166 total_sectors_over = total_sectors2;
1168 filename_over = filename2;
1172 nb_sectors = sectors_to_process(total_sectors_over, sector_num);
1173 if (nb_sectors <= 0) {
1176 ret = bdrv_is_allocated_above(blk_bs(blk_over), NULL, sector_num,
1180 error_report("Sector allocation test failed for %s",
1187 ret = check_empty_sectors(blk_over, sector_num, nb_sectors,
1188 filename_over, buf1, quiet);
1191 error_report("Error while reading offset %" PRId64
1192 " of %s: %s", sectors_to_bytes(sector_num),
1193 filename_over, strerror(-ret));
1199 sector_num += nb_sectors;
1200 qemu_progress_print(((float) nb_sectors / progress_base)*100, 100);
1204 qprintf(quiet, "Images are identical.\n");
1214 qemu_progress_end();
1218 enum ImgConvertBlockStatus {
1224 typedef struct ImgConvertState {
1226 int64_t *src_sectors;
1227 int src_cur, src_num;
1228 int64_t src_cur_offset;
1229 int64_t total_sectors;
1230 int64_t allocated_sectors;
1231 enum ImgConvertBlockStatus status;
1232 int64_t sector_next_status;
1233 BlockBackend *target;
1236 bool target_has_backing;
1238 size_t cluster_sectors;
1242 static void convert_select_part(ImgConvertState *s, int64_t sector_num)
1244 assert(sector_num >= s->src_cur_offset);
1245 while (sector_num - s->src_cur_offset >= s->src_sectors[s->src_cur]) {
1246 s->src_cur_offset += s->src_sectors[s->src_cur];
1248 assert(s->src_cur < s->src_num);
1252 static int convert_iteration_sectors(ImgConvertState *s, int64_t sector_num)
1257 convert_select_part(s, sector_num);
1259 assert(s->total_sectors > sector_num);
1260 n = MIN(s->total_sectors - sector_num, BDRV_REQUEST_MAX_SECTORS);
1262 if (s->sector_next_status <= sector_num) {
1263 ret = bdrv_get_block_status(blk_bs(s->src[s->src_cur]),
1264 sector_num - s->src_cur_offset,
1270 if (ret & BDRV_BLOCK_ZERO) {
1271 s->status = BLK_ZERO;
1272 } else if (ret & BDRV_BLOCK_DATA) {
1273 s->status = BLK_DATA;
1274 } else if (!s->target_has_backing) {
1275 /* Without a target backing file we must copy over the contents of
1276 * the backing file as well. */
1277 /* TODO Check block status of the backing file chain to avoid
1278 * needlessly reading zeroes and limiting the iteration to the
1280 s->status = BLK_DATA;
1282 s->status = BLK_BACKING_FILE;
1285 s->sector_next_status = sector_num + n;
1288 n = MIN(n, s->sector_next_status - sector_num);
1289 if (s->status == BLK_DATA) {
1290 n = MIN(n, s->buf_sectors);
1293 /* We need to write complete clusters for compressed images, so if an
1294 * unallocated area is shorter than that, we must consider the whole
1295 * cluster allocated. */
1296 if (s->compressed) {
1297 if (n < s->cluster_sectors) {
1298 n = MIN(s->cluster_sectors, s->total_sectors - sector_num);
1299 s->status = BLK_DATA;
1301 n = QEMU_ALIGN_DOWN(n, s->cluster_sectors);
1308 static int convert_read(ImgConvertState *s, int64_t sector_num, int nb_sectors,
1314 if (s->status == BLK_ZERO || s->status == BLK_BACKING_FILE) {
1318 assert(nb_sectors <= s->buf_sectors);
1319 while (nb_sectors > 0) {
1323 /* In the case of compression with multiple source files, we can get a
1324 * nb_sectors that spreads into the next part. So we must be able to
1325 * read across multiple BDSes for one convert_read() call. */
1326 convert_select_part(s, sector_num);
1327 blk = s->src[s->src_cur];
1328 bs_sectors = s->src_sectors[s->src_cur];
1330 n = MIN(nb_sectors, bs_sectors - (sector_num - s->src_cur_offset));
1331 ret = blk_read(blk, sector_num - s->src_cur_offset, buf, n);
1338 buf += n * BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE;
1344 static int convert_write(ImgConvertState *s, int64_t sector_num, int nb_sectors,
1349 while (nb_sectors > 0) {
1352 switch (s->status) {
1353 case BLK_BACKING_FILE:
1354 /* If we have a backing file, leave clusters unallocated that are
1355 * unallocated in the source image, so that the backing file is
1356 * visible at the respective offset. */
1357 assert(s->target_has_backing);
1361 /* We must always write compressed clusters as a whole, so don't
1362 * try to find zeroed parts in the buffer. We can only save the
1363 * write if the buffer is completely zeroed and we're allowed to
1364 * keep the target sparse. */
1365 if (s->compressed) {
1366 if (s->has_zero_init && s->min_sparse &&
1367 buffer_is_zero(buf, n * BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE))
1369 assert(!s->target_has_backing);
1373 ret = blk_write_compressed(s->target, sector_num, buf, n);
1380 /* If there is real non-zero data or we're told to keep the target
1381 * fully allocated (-S 0), we must write it. Otherwise we can treat
1382 * it as zero sectors. */
1383 if (!s->min_sparse ||
1384 is_allocated_sectors_min(buf, n, &n, s->min_sparse))
1386 ret = blk_write(s->target, sector_num, buf, n);
1395 if (s->has_zero_init) {
1398 ret = blk_write_zeroes(s->target, sector_num, n, 0);
1407 buf += n * BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE;
1413 static int convert_do_copy(ImgConvertState *s)
1415 uint8_t *buf = NULL;
1416 int64_t sector_num, allocated_done;
1420 /* Check whether we have zero initialisation or can get it efficiently */
1421 s->has_zero_init = s->min_sparse && !s->target_has_backing
1422 ? bdrv_has_zero_init(blk_bs(s->target))
1425 if (!s->has_zero_init && !s->target_has_backing &&
1426 bdrv_can_write_zeroes_with_unmap(blk_bs(s->target)))
1428 ret = bdrv_make_zero(blk_bs(s->target), BDRV_REQ_MAY_UNMAP);
1430 s->has_zero_init = true;
1434 /* Allocate buffer for copied data. For compressed images, only one cluster
1435 * can be copied at a time. */
1436 if (s->compressed) {
1437 if (s->cluster_sectors <= 0 || s->cluster_sectors > s->buf_sectors) {
1438 error_report("invalid cluster size");
1442 s->buf_sectors = s->cluster_sectors;
1444 buf = blk_blockalign(s->target, s->buf_sectors * BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE);
1446 /* Calculate allocated sectors for progress */
1447 s->allocated_sectors = 0;
1449 while (sector_num < s->total_sectors) {
1450 n = convert_iteration_sectors(s, sector_num);
1455 if (s->status == BLK_DATA) {
1456 s->allocated_sectors += n;
1463 s->src_cur_offset = 0;
1464 s->sector_next_status = 0;
1469 while (sector_num < s->total_sectors) {
1470 n = convert_iteration_sectors(s, sector_num);
1475 if (s->status == BLK_DATA) {
1476 allocated_done += n;
1477 qemu_progress_print(100.0 * allocated_done / s->allocated_sectors,
1481 ret = convert_read(s, sector_num, n, buf);
1483 error_report("error while reading sector %" PRId64
1484 ": %s", sector_num, strerror(-ret));
1488 ret = convert_write(s, sector_num, n, buf);
1490 error_report("error while writing sector %" PRId64
1491 ": %s", sector_num, strerror(-ret));
1498 if (s->compressed) {
1499 /* signal EOF to align */
1500 ret = blk_write_compressed(s->target, 0, NULL, 0);
1512 static int img_convert(int argc, char **argv)
1514 int c, bs_n, bs_i, compress, cluster_sectors, skip_create;
1516 int progress = 0, flags, src_flags;
1517 const char *fmt, *out_fmt, *cache, *src_cache, *out_baseimg, *out_filename;
1518 BlockDriver *drv, *proto_drv;
1519 BlockBackend **blk = NULL, *out_blk = NULL;
1520 BlockDriverState **bs = NULL, *out_bs = NULL;
1521 int64_t total_sectors;
1522 int64_t *bs_sectors = NULL;
1523 size_t bufsectors = IO_BUF_SIZE / BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE;
1524 BlockDriverInfo bdi;
1525 QemuOpts *opts = NULL;
1526 QemuOptsList *create_opts = NULL;
1527 const char *out_baseimg_param;
1528 char *options = NULL;
1529 const char *snapshot_name = NULL;
1530 int min_sparse = 8; /* Need at least 4k of zeros for sparse detection */
1532 Error *local_err = NULL;
1533 QemuOpts *sn_opts = NULL;
1534 ImgConvertState state;
1539 src_cache = BDRV_DEFAULT_CACHE;
1544 c = getopt(argc, argv, "hf:O:B:ce6o:s:l:S:pt:T:qn");
1560 out_baseimg = optarg;
1566 error_report("option -e is deprecated, please use \'-o "
1567 "encryption\' instead!");
1571 error_report("option -6 is deprecated, please use \'-o "
1572 "compat6\' instead!");
1576 if (!is_valid_option_list(optarg)) {
1577 error_report("Invalid option list: %s", optarg);
1582 options = g_strdup(optarg);
1584 char *old_options = options;
1585 options = g_strdup_printf("%s,%s", options, optarg);
1586 g_free(old_options);
1590 snapshot_name = optarg;
1593 if (strstart(optarg, SNAPSHOT_OPT_BASE, NULL)) {
1594 sn_opts = qemu_opts_parse_noisily(&internal_snapshot_opts,
1597 error_report("Failed in parsing snapshot param '%s'",
1603 snapshot_name = optarg;
1610 sval = strtosz_suffix(optarg, &end, STRTOSZ_DEFSUFFIX_B);
1611 if (sval < 0 || *end) {
1612 error_report("Invalid minimum zero buffer size for sparse output specified");
1617 min_sparse = sval / BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE;
1638 /* Initialize before goto out */
1642 qemu_progress_init(progress, 1.0);
1645 bs_n = argc - optind - 1;
1646 out_filename = bs_n >= 1 ? argv[argc - 1] : NULL;
1648 if (options && has_help_option(options)) {
1649 ret = print_block_option_help(out_filename, out_fmt);
1654 error_exit("Must specify image file name");
1658 if (bs_n > 1 && out_baseimg) {
1659 error_report("-B makes no sense when concatenating multiple input "
1665 src_flags = BDRV_O_FLAGS;
1666 ret = bdrv_parse_cache_flags(src_cache, &src_flags);
1668 error_report("Invalid source cache option: %s", src_cache);
1672 qemu_progress_print(0, 100);
1674 blk = g_new0(BlockBackend *, bs_n);
1675 bs = g_new0(BlockDriverState *, bs_n);
1676 bs_sectors = g_new(int64_t, bs_n);
1679 for (bs_i = 0; bs_i < bs_n; bs_i++) {
1680 char *id = bs_n > 1 ? g_strdup_printf("source_%d", bs_i)
1681 : g_strdup("source");
1682 blk[bs_i] = img_open(id, argv[optind + bs_i], fmt, src_flags,
1689 bs[bs_i] = blk_bs(blk[bs_i]);
1690 bs_sectors[bs_i] = blk_nb_sectors(blk[bs_i]);
1691 if (bs_sectors[bs_i] < 0) {
1692 error_report("Could not get size of %s: %s",
1693 argv[optind + bs_i], strerror(-bs_sectors[bs_i]));
1697 total_sectors += bs_sectors[bs_i];
1701 ret = bdrv_snapshot_load_tmp(bs[0],
1702 qemu_opt_get(sn_opts, SNAPSHOT_OPT_ID),
1703 qemu_opt_get(sn_opts, SNAPSHOT_OPT_NAME),
1705 } else if (snapshot_name != NULL) {
1707 error_report("No support for concatenating multiple snapshot");
1712 bdrv_snapshot_load_tmp_by_id_or_name(bs[0], snapshot_name, &local_err);
1715 error_report("Failed to load snapshot: %s",
1716 error_get_pretty(local_err));
1717 error_free(local_err);
1722 /* Find driver and parse its options */
1723 drv = bdrv_find_format(out_fmt);
1725 error_report("Unknown file format '%s'", out_fmt);
1730 proto_drv = bdrv_find_protocol(out_filename, true, &local_err);
1732 error_report_err(local_err);
1738 if (!drv->create_opts) {
1739 error_report("Format driver '%s' does not support image creation",
1745 if (!proto_drv->create_opts) {
1746 error_report("Protocol driver '%s' does not support image creation",
1747 proto_drv->format_name);
1752 create_opts = qemu_opts_append(create_opts, drv->create_opts);
1753 create_opts = qemu_opts_append(create_opts, proto_drv->create_opts);
1755 opts = qemu_opts_create(create_opts, NULL, 0, &error_abort);
1757 qemu_opts_do_parse(opts, options, NULL, &local_err);
1759 error_report_err(local_err);
1765 qemu_opt_set_number(opts, BLOCK_OPT_SIZE, total_sectors * 512,
1767 ret = add_old_style_options(out_fmt, opts, out_baseimg, NULL);
1773 /* Get backing file name if -o backing_file was used */
1774 out_baseimg_param = qemu_opt_get(opts, BLOCK_OPT_BACKING_FILE);
1775 if (out_baseimg_param) {
1776 out_baseimg = out_baseimg_param;
1779 /* Check if compression is supported */
1782 qemu_opt_get_bool(opts, BLOCK_OPT_ENCRYPT, false);
1783 const char *preallocation =
1784 qemu_opt_get(opts, BLOCK_OPT_PREALLOC);
1786 if (!drv->bdrv_write_compressed) {
1787 error_report("Compression not supported for this file format");
1793 error_report("Compression and encryption not supported at "
1800 && strcmp(preallocation, "off"))
1802 error_report("Compression and preallocation not supported at "
1810 /* Create the new image */
1811 ret = bdrv_create(drv, out_filename, opts, &local_err);
1813 error_report("%s: error while converting %s: %s",
1814 out_filename, out_fmt, error_get_pretty(local_err));
1815 error_free(local_err);
1820 flags = min_sparse ? (BDRV_O_RDWR | BDRV_O_UNMAP) : BDRV_O_RDWR;
1821 ret = bdrv_parse_cache_flags(cache, &flags);
1823 error_report("Invalid cache option: %s", cache);
1827 out_blk = img_open("target", out_filename, out_fmt, flags, true, quiet);
1832 out_bs = blk_bs(out_blk);
1834 /* increase bufsectors from the default 4096 (2M) if opt_transfer_length
1835 * or discard_alignment of the out_bs is greater. Limit to 32768 (16MB)
1837 bufsectors = MIN(32768,
1838 MAX(bufsectors, MAX(out_bs->bl.opt_transfer_length,
1839 out_bs->bl.discard_alignment))
1843 int64_t output_sectors = blk_nb_sectors(out_blk);
1844 if (output_sectors < 0) {
1845 error_report("unable to get output image length: %s",
1846 strerror(-output_sectors));
1849 } else if (output_sectors < total_sectors) {
1850 error_report("output file is smaller than input file");
1856 cluster_sectors = 0;
1857 ret = bdrv_get_info(out_bs, &bdi);
1860 error_report("could not get block driver info");
1864 compress = compress || bdi.needs_compressed_writes;
1865 cluster_sectors = bdi.cluster_size / BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE;
1868 state = (ImgConvertState) {
1870 .src_sectors = bs_sectors,
1872 .total_sectors = total_sectors,
1874 .compressed = compress,
1875 .target_has_backing = (bool) out_baseimg,
1876 .min_sparse = min_sparse,
1877 .cluster_sectors = cluster_sectors,
1878 .buf_sectors = bufsectors,
1880 ret = convert_do_copy(&state);
1884 qemu_progress_print(100, 0);
1886 qemu_progress_end();
1887 qemu_opts_del(opts);
1888 qemu_opts_free(create_opts);
1889 qemu_opts_del(sn_opts);
1893 for (bs_i = 0; bs_i < bs_n; bs_i++) {
1894 blk_unref(blk[bs_i]);
1909 static void dump_snapshots(BlockDriverState *bs)
1911 QEMUSnapshotInfo *sn_tab, *sn;
1914 nb_sns = bdrv_snapshot_list(bs, &sn_tab);
1917 printf("Snapshot list:\n");
1918 bdrv_snapshot_dump(fprintf, stdout, NULL);
1920 for(i = 0; i < nb_sns; i++) {
1922 bdrv_snapshot_dump(fprintf, stdout, sn);
1928 static void dump_json_image_info_list(ImageInfoList *list)
1930 Error *local_err = NULL;
1932 QmpOutputVisitor *ov = qmp_output_visitor_new();
1934 visit_type_ImageInfoList(qmp_output_get_visitor(ov),
1935 &list, NULL, &local_err);
1936 obj = qmp_output_get_qobject(ov);
1937 str = qobject_to_json_pretty(obj);
1938 assert(str != NULL);
1939 printf("%s\n", qstring_get_str(str));
1940 qobject_decref(obj);
1941 qmp_output_visitor_cleanup(ov);
1945 static void dump_json_image_info(ImageInfo *info)
1947 Error *local_err = NULL;
1949 QmpOutputVisitor *ov = qmp_output_visitor_new();
1951 visit_type_ImageInfo(qmp_output_get_visitor(ov),
1952 &info, NULL, &local_err);
1953 obj = qmp_output_get_qobject(ov);
1954 str = qobject_to_json_pretty(obj);
1955 assert(str != NULL);
1956 printf("%s\n", qstring_get_str(str));
1957 qobject_decref(obj);
1958 qmp_output_visitor_cleanup(ov);
1962 static void dump_human_image_info_list(ImageInfoList *list)
1964 ImageInfoList *elem;
1967 for (elem = list; elem; elem = elem->next) {
1973 bdrv_image_info_dump(fprintf, stdout, elem->value);
1977 static gboolean str_equal_func(gconstpointer a, gconstpointer b)
1979 return strcmp(a, b) == 0;
1983 * Open an image file chain and return an ImageInfoList
1985 * @filename: topmost image filename
1986 * @fmt: topmost image format (may be NULL to autodetect)
1987 * @chain: true - enumerate entire backing file chain
1988 * false - only topmost image file
1990 * Returns a list of ImageInfo objects or NULL if there was an error opening an
1991 * image file. If there was an error a message will have been printed to
1994 static ImageInfoList *collect_image_info_list(const char *filename,
1998 ImageInfoList *head = NULL;
1999 ImageInfoList **last = &head;
2000 GHashTable *filenames;
2003 filenames = g_hash_table_new_full(g_str_hash, str_equal_func, NULL, NULL);
2007 BlockDriverState *bs;
2009 ImageInfoList *elem;
2011 if (g_hash_table_lookup_extended(filenames, filename, NULL, NULL)) {
2012 error_report("Backing file '%s' creates an infinite loop.",
2016 g_hash_table_insert(filenames, (gpointer)filename, NULL);
2018 blk = img_open("image", filename, fmt,
2019 BDRV_O_FLAGS | BDRV_O_NO_BACKING, false, false);
2025 bdrv_query_image_info(bs, &info, &err);
2027 error_report_err(err);
2032 elem = g_new0(ImageInfoList, 1);
2039 filename = fmt = NULL;
2041 if (info->has_full_backing_filename) {
2042 filename = info->full_backing_filename;
2043 } else if (info->has_backing_filename) {
2044 filename = info->backing_filename;
2046 if (info->has_backing_filename_format) {
2047 fmt = info->backing_filename_format;
2051 g_hash_table_destroy(filenames);
2055 qapi_free_ImageInfoList(head);
2056 g_hash_table_destroy(filenames);
2060 static int img_info(int argc, char **argv)
2063 OutputFormat output_format = OFORMAT_HUMAN;
2065 const char *filename, *fmt, *output;
2066 ImageInfoList *list;
2071 int option_index = 0;
2072 static const struct option long_options[] = {
2073 {"help", no_argument, 0, 'h'},
2074 {"format", required_argument, 0, 'f'},
2075 {"output", required_argument, 0, OPTION_OUTPUT},
2076 {"backing-chain", no_argument, 0, OPTION_BACKING_CHAIN},
2079 c = getopt_long(argc, argv, "f:h",
2080 long_options, &option_index);
2095 case OPTION_BACKING_CHAIN:
2100 if (optind != argc - 1) {
2101 error_exit("Expecting one image file name");
2103 filename = argv[optind++];
2105 if (output && !strcmp(output, "json")) {
2106 output_format = OFORMAT_JSON;
2107 } else if (output && !strcmp(output, "human")) {
2108 output_format = OFORMAT_HUMAN;
2109 } else if (output) {
2110 error_report("--output must be used with human or json as argument.");
2114 list = collect_image_info_list(filename, fmt, chain);
2119 switch (output_format) {
2121 dump_human_image_info_list(list);
2125 dump_json_image_info_list(list);
2127 dump_json_image_info(list->value);
2132 qapi_free_ImageInfoList(list);
2137 typedef struct MapEntry {
2143 BlockDriverState *bs;
2146 static void dump_map_entry(OutputFormat output_format, MapEntry *e,
2149 switch (output_format) {
2151 if ((e->flags & BDRV_BLOCK_DATA) &&
2152 !(e->flags & BDRV_BLOCK_OFFSET_VALID)) {
2153 error_report("File contains external, encrypted or compressed clusters.");
2156 if ((e->flags & (BDRV_BLOCK_DATA|BDRV_BLOCK_ZERO)) == BDRV_BLOCK_DATA) {
2157 printf("%#-16"PRIx64"%#-16"PRIx64"%#-16"PRIx64"%s\n",
2158 e->start, e->length, e->offset, e->bs->filename);
2160 /* This format ignores the distinction between 0, ZERO and ZERO|DATA.
2161 * Modify the flags here to allow more coalescing.
2164 (next->flags & (BDRV_BLOCK_DATA|BDRV_BLOCK_ZERO)) != BDRV_BLOCK_DATA) {
2165 next->flags &= ~BDRV_BLOCK_DATA;
2166 next->flags |= BDRV_BLOCK_ZERO;
2170 printf("%s{ \"start\": %"PRId64", \"length\": %"PRId64", \"depth\": %d,"
2171 " \"zero\": %s, \"data\": %s",
2172 (e->start == 0 ? "[" : ",\n"),
2173 e->start, e->length, e->depth,
2174 (e->flags & BDRV_BLOCK_ZERO) ? "true" : "false",
2175 (e->flags & BDRV_BLOCK_DATA) ? "true" : "false");
2176 if (e->flags & BDRV_BLOCK_OFFSET_VALID) {
2177 printf(", \"offset\": %"PRId64"", e->offset);
2188 static int get_block_status(BlockDriverState *bs, int64_t sector_num,
2189 int nb_sectors, MapEntry *e)
2194 /* As an optimization, we could cache the current range of unallocated
2195 * clusters in each file of the chain, and avoid querying the same
2201 ret = bdrv_get_block_status(bs, sector_num, nb_sectors, &nb_sectors);
2206 if (ret & (BDRV_BLOCK_ZERO|BDRV_BLOCK_DATA)) {
2209 bs = bs->backing_hd;
2218 e->start = sector_num * BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE;
2219 e->length = nb_sectors * BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE;
2220 e->flags = ret & ~BDRV_BLOCK_OFFSET_MASK;
2221 e->offset = ret & BDRV_BLOCK_OFFSET_MASK;
2227 static int img_map(int argc, char **argv)
2230 OutputFormat output_format = OFORMAT_HUMAN;
2232 BlockDriverState *bs;
2233 const char *filename, *fmt, *output;
2235 MapEntry curr = { .length = 0 }, next;
2241 int option_index = 0;
2242 static const struct option long_options[] = {
2243 {"help", no_argument, 0, 'h'},
2244 {"format", required_argument, 0, 'f'},
2245 {"output", required_argument, 0, OPTION_OUTPUT},
2248 c = getopt_long(argc, argv, "f:h",
2249 long_options, &option_index);
2266 if (optind != argc - 1) {
2267 error_exit("Expecting one image file name");
2269 filename = argv[optind];
2271 if (output && !strcmp(output, "json")) {
2272 output_format = OFORMAT_JSON;
2273 } else if (output && !strcmp(output, "human")) {
2274 output_format = OFORMAT_HUMAN;
2275 } else if (output) {
2276 error_report("--output must be used with human or json as argument.");
2280 blk = img_open("image", filename, fmt, BDRV_O_FLAGS, true, false);
2286 if (output_format == OFORMAT_HUMAN) {
2287 printf("%-16s%-16s%-16s%s\n", "Offset", "Length", "Mapped to", "File");
2290 length = blk_getlength(blk);
2291 while (curr.start + curr.length < length) {
2292 int64_t nsectors_left;
2296 sector_num = (curr.start + curr.length) >> BDRV_SECTOR_BITS;
2298 /* Probe up to 1 GiB at a time. */
2299 nsectors_left = DIV_ROUND_UP(length, BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE) - sector_num;
2300 n = MIN(1 << (30 - BDRV_SECTOR_BITS), nsectors_left);
2301 ret = get_block_status(bs, sector_num, n, &next);
2304 error_report("Could not read file metadata: %s", strerror(-ret));
2308 if (curr.length != 0 && curr.flags == next.flags &&
2309 curr.depth == next.depth &&
2310 ((curr.flags & BDRV_BLOCK_OFFSET_VALID) == 0 ||
2311 curr.offset + curr.length == next.offset)) {
2312 curr.length += next.length;
2316 if (curr.length > 0) {
2317 dump_map_entry(output_format, &curr, &next);
2322 dump_map_entry(output_format, &curr, NULL);
2329 #define SNAPSHOT_LIST 1
2330 #define SNAPSHOT_CREATE 2
2331 #define SNAPSHOT_APPLY 3
2332 #define SNAPSHOT_DELETE 4
2334 static int img_snapshot(int argc, char **argv)
2337 BlockDriverState *bs;
2338 QEMUSnapshotInfo sn;
2339 char *filename, *snapshot_name = NULL;
2340 int c, ret = 0, bdrv_oflags;
2346 bdrv_oflags = BDRV_O_FLAGS | BDRV_O_RDWR;
2347 /* Parse commandline parameters */
2349 c = getopt(argc, argv, "la:c:d:hq");
2360 error_exit("Cannot mix '-l', '-a', '-c', '-d'");
2363 action = SNAPSHOT_LIST;
2364 bdrv_oflags &= ~BDRV_O_RDWR; /* no need for RW */
2368 error_exit("Cannot mix '-l', '-a', '-c', '-d'");
2371 action = SNAPSHOT_APPLY;
2372 snapshot_name = optarg;
2376 error_exit("Cannot mix '-l', '-a', '-c', '-d'");
2379 action = SNAPSHOT_CREATE;
2380 snapshot_name = optarg;
2384 error_exit("Cannot mix '-l', '-a', '-c', '-d'");
2387 action = SNAPSHOT_DELETE;
2388 snapshot_name = optarg;
2396 if (optind != argc - 1) {
2397 error_exit("Expecting one image file name");
2399 filename = argv[optind++];
2401 /* Open the image */
2402 blk = img_open("image", filename, NULL, bdrv_oflags, true, quiet);
2408 /* Perform the requested action */
2414 case SNAPSHOT_CREATE:
2415 memset(&sn, 0, sizeof(sn));
2416 pstrcpy(sn.name, sizeof(sn.name), snapshot_name);
2418 qemu_gettimeofday(&tv);
2419 sn.date_sec = tv.tv_sec;
2420 sn.date_nsec = tv.tv_usec * 1000;
2422 ret = bdrv_snapshot_create(bs, &sn);
2424 error_report("Could not create snapshot '%s': %d (%s)",
2425 snapshot_name, ret, strerror(-ret));
2429 case SNAPSHOT_APPLY:
2430 ret = bdrv_snapshot_goto(bs, snapshot_name);
2432 error_report("Could not apply snapshot '%s': %d (%s)",
2433 snapshot_name, ret, strerror(-ret));
2437 case SNAPSHOT_DELETE:
2438 bdrv_snapshot_delete_by_id_or_name(bs, snapshot_name, &err);
2440 error_report("Could not delete snapshot '%s': (%s)",
2441 snapshot_name, error_get_pretty(err));
2456 static int img_rebase(int argc, char **argv)
2458 BlockBackend *blk = NULL, *blk_old_backing = NULL, *blk_new_backing = NULL;
2459 BlockDriverState *bs = NULL;
2461 const char *fmt, *cache, *src_cache, *out_basefmt, *out_baseimg;
2462 int c, flags, src_flags, ret;
2466 Error *local_err = NULL;
2468 /* Parse commandline parameters */
2470 cache = BDRV_DEFAULT_CACHE;
2471 src_cache = BDRV_DEFAULT_CACHE;
2475 c = getopt(argc, argv, "hf:F:b:upt:T:q");
2488 out_basefmt = optarg;
2491 out_baseimg = optarg;
2515 if (optind != argc - 1) {
2516 error_exit("Expecting one image file name");
2518 if (!unsafe && !out_baseimg) {
2519 error_exit("Must specify backing file (-b) or use unsafe mode (-u)");
2521 filename = argv[optind++];
2523 qemu_progress_init(progress, 2.0);
2524 qemu_progress_print(0, 100);
2526 flags = BDRV_O_RDWR | (unsafe ? BDRV_O_NO_BACKING : 0);
2527 ret = bdrv_parse_cache_flags(cache, &flags);
2529 error_report("Invalid cache option: %s", cache);
2533 src_flags = BDRV_O_FLAGS;
2534 ret = bdrv_parse_cache_flags(src_cache, &src_flags);
2536 error_report("Invalid source cache option: %s", src_cache);
2543 * Ignore the old backing file for unsafe rebase in case we want to correct
2544 * the reference to a renamed or moved backing file.
2546 blk = img_open("image", filename, fmt, flags, true, quiet);
2553 if (out_basefmt != NULL) {
2554 if (bdrv_find_format(out_basefmt) == NULL) {
2555 error_report("Invalid format name: '%s'", out_basefmt);
2561 /* For safe rebasing we need to compare old and new backing file */
2563 char backing_name[PATH_MAX];
2564 QDict *options = NULL;
2566 if (bs->backing_format[0] != '\0') {
2567 options = qdict_new();
2568 qdict_put(options, "driver", qstring_from_str(bs->backing_format));
2571 bdrv_get_backing_filename(bs, backing_name, sizeof(backing_name));
2572 blk_old_backing = blk_new_open("old_backing", backing_name, NULL,
2573 options, src_flags, &local_err);
2574 if (!blk_old_backing) {
2575 error_report("Could not open old backing file '%s': %s",
2576 backing_name, error_get_pretty(local_err));
2577 error_free(local_err);
2581 if (out_baseimg[0]) {
2583 options = qdict_new();
2584 qdict_put(options, "driver", qstring_from_str(out_basefmt));
2589 blk_new_backing = blk_new_open("new_backing", out_baseimg, NULL,
2590 options, src_flags, &local_err);
2591 if (!blk_new_backing) {
2592 error_report("Could not open new backing file '%s': %s",
2593 out_baseimg, error_get_pretty(local_err));
2594 error_free(local_err);
2601 * Check each unallocated cluster in the COW file. If it is unallocated,
2602 * accesses go to the backing file. We must therefore compare this cluster
2603 * in the old and new backing file, and if they differ we need to copy it
2604 * from the old backing file into the COW file.
2606 * If qemu-img crashes during this step, no harm is done. The content of
2607 * the image is the same as the original one at any time.
2610 int64_t num_sectors;
2611 int64_t old_backing_num_sectors;
2612 int64_t new_backing_num_sectors = 0;
2617 float local_progress = 0;
2619 buf_old = blk_blockalign(blk, IO_BUF_SIZE);
2620 buf_new = blk_blockalign(blk, IO_BUF_SIZE);
2622 num_sectors = blk_nb_sectors(blk);
2623 if (num_sectors < 0) {
2624 error_report("Could not get size of '%s': %s",
2625 filename, strerror(-num_sectors));
2629 old_backing_num_sectors = blk_nb_sectors(blk_old_backing);
2630 if (old_backing_num_sectors < 0) {
2631 char backing_name[PATH_MAX];
2633 bdrv_get_backing_filename(bs, backing_name, sizeof(backing_name));
2634 error_report("Could not get size of '%s': %s",
2635 backing_name, strerror(-old_backing_num_sectors));
2639 if (blk_new_backing) {
2640 new_backing_num_sectors = blk_nb_sectors(blk_new_backing);
2641 if (new_backing_num_sectors < 0) {
2642 error_report("Could not get size of '%s': %s",
2643 out_baseimg, strerror(-new_backing_num_sectors));
2649 if (num_sectors != 0) {
2650 local_progress = (float)100 /
2651 (num_sectors / MIN(num_sectors, IO_BUF_SIZE / 512));
2654 for (sector = 0; sector < num_sectors; sector += n) {
2656 /* How many sectors can we handle with the next read? */
2657 if (sector + (IO_BUF_SIZE / 512) <= num_sectors) {
2658 n = (IO_BUF_SIZE / 512);
2660 n = num_sectors - sector;
2663 /* If the cluster is allocated, we don't need to take action */
2664 ret = bdrv_is_allocated(bs, sector, n, &n);
2666 error_report("error while reading image metadata: %s",
2675 * Read old and new backing file and take into consideration that
2676 * backing files may be smaller than the COW image.
2678 if (sector >= old_backing_num_sectors) {
2679 memset(buf_old, 0, n * BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE);
2681 if (sector + n > old_backing_num_sectors) {
2682 n = old_backing_num_sectors - sector;
2685 ret = blk_read(blk_old_backing, sector, buf_old, n);
2687 error_report("error while reading from old backing file");
2692 if (sector >= new_backing_num_sectors || !blk_new_backing) {
2693 memset(buf_new, 0, n * BDRV_SECTOR_SIZE);
2695 if (sector + n > new_backing_num_sectors) {
2696 n = new_backing_num_sectors - sector;
2699 ret = blk_read(blk_new_backing, sector, buf_new, n);
2701 error_report("error while reading from new backing file");
2706 /* If they differ, we need to write to the COW file */
2707 uint64_t written = 0;
2709 while (written < n) {
2712 if (compare_sectors(buf_old + written * 512,
2713 buf_new + written * 512, n - written, &pnum))
2715 ret = blk_write(blk, sector + written,
2716 buf_old + written * 512, pnum);
2718 error_report("Error while writing to COW image: %s",
2726 qemu_progress_print(local_progress, 100);
2729 qemu_vfree(buf_old);
2730 qemu_vfree(buf_new);
2734 * Change the backing file. All clusters that are different from the old
2735 * backing file are overwritten in the COW file now, so the visible content
2736 * doesn't change when we switch the backing file.
2738 if (out_baseimg && *out_baseimg) {
2739 ret = bdrv_change_backing_file(bs, out_baseimg, out_basefmt);
2741 ret = bdrv_change_backing_file(bs, NULL, NULL);
2744 if (ret == -ENOSPC) {
2745 error_report("Could not change the backing file to '%s': No "
2746 "space left in the file header", out_baseimg);
2747 } else if (ret < 0) {
2748 error_report("Could not change the backing file to '%s': %s",
2749 out_baseimg, strerror(-ret));
2752 qemu_progress_print(100, 0);
2754 * TODO At this point it is possible to check if any clusters that are
2755 * allocated in the COW file are the same in the backing file. If so, they
2756 * could be dropped from the COW file. Don't do this before switching the
2757 * backing file, in case of a crash this would lead to corruption.
2760 qemu_progress_end();
2763 blk_unref(blk_old_backing);
2764 blk_unref(blk_new_backing);
2774 static int img_resize(int argc, char **argv)
2777 int c, ret, relative;
2778 const char *filename, *fmt, *size;
2779 int64_t n, total_size;
2781 BlockBackend *blk = NULL;
2783 static QemuOptsList resize_options = {
2784 .name = "resize_options",
2785 .head = QTAILQ_HEAD_INITIALIZER(resize_options.head),
2788 .name = BLOCK_OPT_SIZE,
2789 .type = QEMU_OPT_SIZE,
2790 .help = "Virtual disk size"
2797 /* Remove size from argv manually so that negative numbers are not treated
2798 * as options by getopt. */
2800 error_exit("Not enough arguments");
2804 size = argv[--argc];
2806 /* Parse getopt arguments */
2809 c = getopt(argc, argv, "f:hq");
2826 if (optind != argc - 1) {
2827 error_exit("Expecting one image file name");
2829 filename = argv[optind++];
2831 /* Choose grow, shrink, or absolute resize mode */
2847 param = qemu_opts_create(&resize_options, NULL, 0, &error_abort);
2848 qemu_opt_set(param, BLOCK_OPT_SIZE, size, &err);
2850 error_report_err(err);
2852 qemu_opts_del(param);
2855 n = qemu_opt_get_size(param, BLOCK_OPT_SIZE, 0);
2856 qemu_opts_del(param);
2858 blk = img_open("image", filename, fmt, BDRV_O_FLAGS | BDRV_O_RDWR,
2866 total_size = blk_getlength(blk) + n * relative;
2870 if (total_size <= 0) {
2871 error_report("New image size must be positive");
2876 ret = blk_truncate(blk, total_size);
2879 qprintf(quiet, "Image resized.\n");
2882 error_report("This image does not support resize");
2885 error_report("Image is read-only");
2888 error_report("Error resizing image (%d)", -ret);
2899 static void amend_status_cb(BlockDriverState *bs,
2900 int64_t offset, int64_t total_work_size)
2902 qemu_progress_print(100.f * offset / total_work_size, 0);
2905 static int img_amend(int argc, char **argv)
2909 char *options = NULL;
2910 QemuOptsList *create_opts = NULL;
2911 QemuOpts *opts = NULL;
2912 const char *fmt = NULL, *filename, *cache;
2914 bool quiet = false, progress = false;
2915 BlockBackend *blk = NULL;
2916 BlockDriverState *bs = NULL;
2918 cache = BDRV_DEFAULT_CACHE;
2920 c = getopt(argc, argv, "ho:f:t:pq");
2931 if (!is_valid_option_list(optarg)) {
2932 error_report("Invalid option list: %s", optarg);
2937 options = g_strdup(optarg);
2939 char *old_options = options;
2940 options = g_strdup_printf("%s,%s", options, optarg);
2941 g_free(old_options);
2960 error_exit("Must specify options (-o)");
2966 qemu_progress_init(progress, 1.0);
2968 filename = (optind == argc - 1) ? argv[argc - 1] : NULL;
2969 if (fmt && has_help_option(options)) {
2970 /* If a format is explicitly specified (and possibly no filename is
2971 * given), print option help here */
2972 ret = print_block_option_help(filename, fmt);
2976 if (optind != argc - 1) {
2977 error_report("Expecting one image file name");
2982 flags = BDRV_O_FLAGS | BDRV_O_RDWR;
2983 ret = bdrv_parse_cache_flags(cache, &flags);
2985 error_report("Invalid cache option: %s", cache);
2989 blk = img_open("image", filename, fmt, flags, true, quiet);
2996 fmt = bs->drv->format_name;
2998 if (has_help_option(options)) {
2999 /* If the format was auto-detected, print option help here */
3000 ret = print_block_option_help(filename, fmt);
3004 if (!bs->drv->create_opts) {
3005 error_report("Format driver '%s' does not support any options to amend",
3011 create_opts = qemu_opts_append(create_opts, bs->drv->create_opts);
3012 opts = qemu_opts_create(create_opts, NULL, 0, &error_abort);
3014 qemu_opts_do_parse(opts, options, NULL, &err);
3016 error_report_err(err);
3022 /* In case the driver does not call amend_status_cb() */
3023 qemu_progress_print(0.f, 0);
3024 ret = bdrv_amend_options(bs, opts, &amend_status_cb);
3025 qemu_progress_print(100.f, 0);
3027 error_report("Error while amending options: %s", strerror(-ret));
3032 qemu_progress_end();
3035 qemu_opts_del(opts);
3036 qemu_opts_free(create_opts);
3045 static const img_cmd_t img_cmds[] = {
3046 #define DEF(option, callback, arg_string) \
3047 { option, callback },
3048 #include "qemu-img-cmds.h"
3054 int main(int argc, char **argv)
3056 const img_cmd_t *cmd;
3057 const char *cmdname;
3058 Error *local_error = NULL;
3060 static const struct option long_options[] = {
3061 {"help", no_argument, 0, 'h'},
3062 {"version", no_argument, 0, 'v'},
3067 signal(SIGPIPE, SIG_IGN);
3070 error_set_progname(argv[0]);
3071 qemu_init_exec_dir(argv[0]);
3073 if (qemu_init_main_loop(&local_error)) {
3074 error_report_err(local_error);
3080 error_exit("Not enough arguments");
3084 /* find the command */
3085 for (cmd = img_cmds; cmd->name != NULL; cmd++) {
3086 if (!strcmp(cmdname, cmd->name)) {
3087 return cmd->handler(argc - 1, argv + 1);
3091 c = getopt_long(argc, argv, "h", long_options, NULL);
3097 printf(QEMU_IMG_VERSION);
3102 error_exit("Command not found: %s", cmdname);