1 If variable is of Type, use printk format specifier:
2 ---------------------------------------------------------
6 unsigned long %lu or %lx
8 unsigned long long %llu or %llx
16 If <type> is dependent on a config option for its size (e.g., sector_t,
17 blkcnt_t) or is architecture-dependent for its size (e.g., tcflag_t), use a
18 format specifier of its largest possible type and explicitly cast to it.
21 printk("test: sector number/total blocks: %llu/%llu\n",
22 (unsigned long long)sector, (unsigned long long)blockcount);
24 Reminder: sizeof() result is of type size_t.
26 The kernel's printf does not support %n. For obvious reasons, floating
27 point formats (%e, %f, %g, %a) are also not recognized. Use of any
28 unsupported specifier or length qualifier results in a WARN and early
29 return from vsnprintf.
31 Raw pointer value SHOULD be printed with %p. The kernel supports
32 the following extended format specifiers for pointer types:
34 Symbols/Function Pointers:
36 %pF versatile_init+0x0/0x110
38 %pS versatile_init+0x0/0x110
39 %pSR versatile_init+0x9/0x110
40 (with __builtin_extract_return_addr() translation)
42 %pB prev_fn_of_versatile_init+0x88/0x88
44 For printing symbols and function pointers. The 'S' and 's' specifiers
45 result in the symbol name with ('S') or without ('s') offsets. Where
46 this is used on a kernel without KALLSYMS - the symbol address is
49 The 'B' specifier results in the symbol name with offsets and should be
50 used when printing stack backtraces. The specifier takes into
51 consideration the effect of compiler optimisations which may occur
52 when tail-call's are used and marked with the noreturn GCC attribute.
54 On ia64, ppc64 and parisc64 architectures function pointers are
55 actually function descriptors which must first be resolved. The 'F' and
56 'f' specifiers perform this resolution and then provide the same
57 functionality as the 'S' and 's' specifiers.
61 %pK 0x01234567 or 0x0123456789abcdef
63 For printing kernel pointers which should be hidden from unprivileged
64 users. The behaviour of %pK depends on the kptr_restrict sysctl - see
65 Documentation/sysctl/kernel.txt for more details.
69 %pr [mem 0x60000000-0x6fffffff flags 0x2200] or
70 [mem 0x0000000060000000-0x000000006fffffff flags 0x2200]
71 %pR [mem 0x60000000-0x6fffffff pref] or
72 [mem 0x0000000060000000-0x000000006fffffff pref]
74 For printing struct resources. The 'R' and 'r' specifiers result in a
75 printed resource with ('R') or without ('r') a decoded flags member.
78 Physical addresses types phys_addr_t:
80 %pa[p] 0x01234567 or 0x0123456789abcdef
82 For printing a phys_addr_t type (and its derivatives, such as
83 resource_size_t) which can vary based on build options, regardless of
84 the width of the CPU data path. Passed by reference.
86 DMA addresses types dma_addr_t:
88 %pad 0x01234567 or 0x0123456789abcdef
90 For printing a dma_addr_t type which can vary based on build options,
91 regardless of the width of the CPU data path. Passed by reference.
93 Raw buffer as an escaped string:
97 For printing raw buffer as an escaped string. For the following buffer
99 1b 62 20 5c 43 07 22 90 0d 5d
101 few examples show how the conversion would be done (the result string
102 without surrounding quotes):
104 %*pE "\eb \C\a"\220\r]"
105 %*pEhp "\x1bb \C\x07"\x90\x0d]"
106 %*pEa "\e\142\040\\\103\a\042\220\r\135"
108 The conversion rules are applied according to an optional combination
109 of flags (see string_escape_mem() kernel documentation for the
118 By default ESCAPE_ANY_NP is used.
120 ESCAPE_ANY_NP is the sane choice for many cases, in particularly for
123 If field width is omitted the 1 byte only will be escaped.
125 Raw buffer as a hex string:
128 %*phC 00:01:02: ... :3f
129 %*phD 00-01-02- ... -3f
132 For printing a small buffers (up to 64 bytes long) as a hex string with
133 certain separator. For the larger buffers consider to use
138 %pM 00:01:02:03:04:05
139 %pMR 05:04:03:02:01:00
140 %pMF 00-01-02-03-04-05
144 For printing 6-byte MAC/FDDI addresses in hex notation. The 'M' and 'm'
145 specifiers result in a printed address with ('M') or without ('m') byte
146 separators. The default byte separator is the colon (':').
148 Where FDDI addresses are concerned the 'F' specifier can be used after
149 the 'M' specifier to use dash ('-') separators instead of the default
152 For Bluetooth addresses the 'R' specifier shall be used after the 'M'
153 specifier to use reversed byte order suitable for visual interpretation
154 of Bluetooth addresses which are in the little endian order.
164 For printing IPv4 dot-separated decimal addresses. The 'I4' and 'i4'
165 specifiers result in a printed address with ('i4') or without ('I4')
168 The additional 'h', 'n', 'b', and 'l' specifiers are used to specify
169 host, network, big or little endian order addresses respectively. Where
170 no specifier is provided the default network/big endian order is used.
176 %pI6 0001:0002:0003:0004:0005:0006:0007:0008
177 %pi6 00010002000300040005000600070008
178 %pI6c 1:2:3:4:5:6:7:8
180 For printing IPv6 network-order 16-bit hex addresses. The 'I6' and 'i6'
181 specifiers result in a printed address with ('I6') or without ('i6')
182 colon-separators. Leading zeros are always used.
184 The additional 'c' specifier can be used with the 'I' specifier to
185 print a compressed IPv6 address as described by
186 http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5952
190 IPv4/IPv6 addresses (generic, with port, flowinfo, scope):
192 %pIS 1.2.3.4 or 0001:0002:0003:0004:0005:0006:0007:0008
193 %piS 001.002.003.004 or 00010002000300040005000600070008
194 %pISc 1.2.3.4 or 1:2:3:4:5:6:7:8
195 %pISpc 1.2.3.4:12345 or [1:2:3:4:5:6:7:8]:12345
198 For printing an IP address without the need to distinguish whether it's
199 of type AF_INET or AF_INET6, a pointer to a valid 'struct sockaddr',
200 specified through 'IS' or 'iS', can be passed to this format specifier.
202 The additional 'p', 'f', and 's' specifiers are used to specify port
203 (IPv4, IPv6), flowinfo (IPv6) and scope (IPv6). Ports have a ':' prefix,
204 flowinfo a '/' and scope a '%', each followed by the actual value.
206 In case of an IPv6 address the compressed IPv6 address as described by
207 http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5952 is being used if the additional
208 specifier 'c' is given. The IPv6 address is surrounded by '[', ']' in
209 case of additional specifiers 'p', 'f' or 's' as suggested by
210 https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-6man-text-addr-representation-07
212 In case of IPv4 addresses, the additional 'h', 'n', 'b', and 'l'
213 specifiers can be used as well and are ignored in case of an IPv6
220 %pISfc 1.2.3.4 or [1:2:3:4:5:6:7:8]/123456789
221 %pISsc 1.2.3.4 or [1:2:3:4:5:6:7:8]%1234567890
222 %pISpfc 1.2.3.4:12345 or [1:2:3:4:5:6:7:8]:12345/123456789
226 %pUb 00010203-0405-0607-0809-0a0b0c0d0e0f
227 %pUB 00010203-0405-0607-0809-0A0B0C0D0E0F
228 %pUl 03020100-0504-0706-0809-0a0b0c0e0e0f
229 %pUL 03020100-0504-0706-0809-0A0B0C0E0E0F
231 For printing 16-byte UUID/GUIDs addresses. The additional 'l', 'L',
232 'b' and 'B' specifiers are used to specify a little endian order in
233 lower ('l') or upper case ('L') hex characters - and big endian order
234 in lower ('b') or upper case ('B') hex characters.
236 Where no additional specifiers are used the default big endian
237 order with lower case hex characters will be printed.
246 For printing dentry name; if we race with d_move(), the name might be
247 a mix of old and new ones, but it won't oops. %pd dentry is a safer
248 equivalent of %s dentry->d_name.name we used to use, %pd<n> prints
249 n last components. %pD does the same thing for struct file.
257 For printing struct va_format structures. These contain a format string
258 and va_list as follows:
265 Implements a "recursive vsnprintf".
267 Do not use this feature without some mechanism to verify the
268 correctness of the format string and va_list arguments.
278 For printing struct clk structures. '%pC' and '%pCn' print the name
279 (Common Clock Framework) or address (legacy clock framework) of the
280 structure; '%pCr' prints the current clock rate.
284 bitmap and its derivatives such as cpumask and nodemask:
289 For printing bitmap and its derivatives such as cpumask and nodemask,
290 %*pb output the bitmap with field width as the number of bits and %*pbl
291 output the bitmap as range list with field width as the number of bits.
295 Network device features:
297 %pNF 0x000000000000c000
299 For printing netdev_features_t.
303 Command from struct task_struct
307 For printing executable name excluding path from struct
312 If you add other %p extensions, please extend lib/test_printf.c with
313 one or more test cases, if at all feasible.
316 Thank you for your cooperation and attention.
319 By Randy Dunlap <rdunlap@infradead.org> and
320 Andrew Murray <amurray@mpc-data.co.uk>